Public speaking class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Open talking class - Essay Example The occasion was composed by a gathering of youngsters who had welcomed a gathering of expert speakers to come and converse with the youngsters on different profession alternatives. Martin is a ranking director at a law office and was very pleased with educating us about his situation toward the beginning of his discourse. He began his discourse by kidding that the key to addressing a huge number of anxious personalities like his representatives is, not telling them that he fears them. From his presentation, you could advise this would have been an intriguing discourse as a great many people chose to take their telephones and focus on this new and energetic speaker. His presentation involved him giving a concise review of his accomplishment in his profession. From his presentation, note that a key strategy in effective open talking is to start on a light note and catch the audience’s consideration. He at that point sank into the substance of his discourse. He deliberately delineated to us how he and chosen to seek after his vocation in n law in spite of resistance from his folks. Martin educated us that they key to a fruitful profession is having enthusiasm from a beginning time of improvement. IT was very fascinating the manner in which he talked with certainty and skill in about his profession. He was very expressive and fathomable so the crowd didn't need to battle to hear him well. This I noted is another tip to quality open talking, being articulate and fathomable. Martin had organized his discourse and requested its conveyance utilizing a particular arrangement. He began by acquainting us with his profession, giving some foundation data and giving us his advancement throughout the years to his present situation in his firm. The discourse was requested such that it was anything but difficult to finish in the event that somebody lost consideration for some time. This he said was another aptitude in broad daylight talking. Guaranteeing that the substance you are conveying is well

Research Paper Writing Service - Why You Need One

Research Paper Writing Service - Why You Need OneHaving a professional research paper writing service write your research paper will help to set the tone of your grade. It is always important to have a well-written paper, and an inappropriate paper will result in a bad grade. The good news is that with the right research paper writing service it is quite possible to get a great grade even with a poorly written paper.In order to understand why it is important to hire a professional research paper writing service to write your research paper, you first need to understand what is involved in writing a research paper. As a student you should be able to come up with a research topic that you think is interesting. Then you should go about finding sources to support your topic, this is where some of the work of a professional research paper writing service comes into play.The next step in writing a research paper is choosing a topic. This is an important step because the topic will determin e what the topic will be about. For example, if you are writing about the history of art in New York City, you will want to choose a topic related to New York City. If you choose a topic that is unrelated to New York City, you may want to ask the research paper writing service to write an essay about something relevant to New York City and New York State.Once you have chosen your topic and selected research paper writing service to write your research paper for you, it is time to take the next step in completing your research. The research paper writing service can help you gather as much information as possible about the topic you chose. The more information you gather about the topic, the better you will be able to support your argument in your research paper.The final step in completing your research paper is writing your conclusion. A conclusion needs to be written in order to state the 'conclusion' of your research paper. It is very important to think carefully about the conclu sion before you write it, as there is nothing worse than writing a conclusion that is illogical or unrelated to the information gathered during the research process. Your research service can help you write a good conclusion.The final step in writing a research paper is writing your bibliography. The bibliography is an important part of any research paper, and it is also where a professional research paper writing service can be most helpful. A good bibliography can be as important as the thesis statement in your research paper.Once you have the bibliography in place, your research writing service can help you begin to organize your research. There are several different ways that the research writing service can help you organize your research, depending on the type of paper you are writing. An example of a research paper in progress would be a thesis paper or an opinion piece, where the research writing service could organize the data to determine the basic issue, how many people h old that opinion, and how they are linked to one another.It is easy to see how a professional research paper writing service can be a huge benefit to students and professors alike. A well-written research paper is an important part of getting a good grade on your project, and you can do your research in the comfort of your own home, in your own time, using a professional research paper writing service.

Functions of Emotions Essay

By definition, feelings are brief marvels in the mental and physiological frameworks of judicious creatures that speak to methods of adjustment to the dynamism of the inner and outer condition (Fiske, Gilbert and Lindzey, 2010). Feelings are liable for mentally adjusting the consideration and moving practices in light of evolving requests. They are consequently instrumental in characterizing between close to home connections as well as the lives of levelheaded creatures (Lewis, Haviland-Jones and Barret, 2008). In this examination paper, the creator looks to clarify and depict the social elements of feelings in a relationship. I will initially distinguish the feelings that identify with connections and afterward continue to clarify the capacities they play. Instances of feelings that apply to connections Emotions are unpredictable and complicatedly related. There has been disarray in the utilization of terms among feelings and emotions while the two are not equal. The word â€Å"Feelings† can be utilized to depict the affectability to feelings or ethics. At the end of the day, feeling is the enthusiasm or vibe of feelings and is thusly a segment of feeling (Fiske, Gilbert and Lindzey, 2010). Every feeling prompts the presentation of a relating set of practices, both in the development of the body (passionate articulation through skeletal muscles) and in different reactions that do exclude physical developments. With regards to connections, a lot of feelings apply. To each feeling there is an inverse. Instances of feelings which are appropriate in the advancement of relational connections incorporate love and enthusiasm which are negated by contempt and disturb and joy which is repudiated by the feeling of pity. Pride as a feeling assumes a critical job in the advancement of connections among guardians and their kids, among sweethearts and furthermore between easygoing associates (Lewis, Haviland-Jones and Barret, 2008). Envy, thankfulness and compassion additionally assume a significant job seeing someone. Feelings and the Capacity to impart and impact individuals Feelings are imparted through verbal proclamations and non-verbal articulations including outward appearances, stances or signals. Most articulations of feelings have an immediate and programmed impact on others, and all the more so if these feelings are conveyed non-verbally. The human soul is customized to normally decipher feelings in the activity of others (Fussell, 2002). In this way, how well an individual communicates their feelings goes far in deciding how well others get him. Individuals will generally react to outward appearances and different motions. Having the option to viably impart one’s feelings with the goal that they are illustrative of the sentiments held inside assumes a significant job in either reinforcing or debilitating the relationship bonds between individuals. An individual who transfers his sentiments (through feelings) really is more averse to be misjudged and is along these lines bound to get positive reactions to his requests or prerequisites (Fussell, 2002). Take for instance an individual whose face illuminates after observing someone else. Such will be deciphered as a response to the feeling of affection or enthusiasm. After interpreting this, the focused on party is additionally prone to create love for the other individual. Solid connections are established on how really individuals convey their feelings (Knobloch and Solomon, 2003). Feelings are likewise valuable in affecting the activities of others. Dissatisfaction, for instance in a parent for their failing to meet expectations kid can trigger the inclination to work more earnestly in school in order to satisfy the parent (Dunsmorea, Bensona and Bradburna, 2006). In any case, steady frustration in individuals in spite of their displayed want to improve harms connections as it actuates blame and disgrace. As it were, sure feelings more often than not manufacture a relationship and negative feelings like resentment, dread, trouble and frustration will in general demolish a relationship. Feelings contrarily or emphatically sway on how individuals process data. They contain a vital piece of relational correspondence and along these lines characterize how individuals haggle with others or gatherings (Perlman, 2007). It is the social issues an individual faces which offer ascent to feelings and feelings in this way gotten significant seeing someone as they characterize the manner in which the individual explores however the difficulties that emerge during the time spent identifying with others. Feelings as a spurring factor The human mental and physiological resources are pre-modified to consequently obey or react to feelings (Fiske, Gilbert and Lindzey, 2010). Feelings on their part get ready and spur individuals to act in a particular way. For instance, the feeling of adoration will incite its conveyor to show the individual the individual is enamored with the activities which will represent their energy. Maybe love is the most instrumental feeling seeing someone. It is love which makes individuals to be worried about the government assistance of others in their condition and triggers mindful conduct that guarantees the general public moves towards a state wherein the government assistance of everybody inside that particular society is ensured (Perlman, 2007). Another case of feelings having an impact in relationship building is standing out they trigger activities which imply altruism (Ryff and Singer, 2001). On the off chance that an individual sees his neighbor’s little child moving towards peril, say in the way of traffic, the person will feel obliged, through the activity of the feeling of dread, to spare it. The neighbor whose youngster has been protected from up and coming risk will be extremely keen to the next individual, and through this thankfulness their relational relationship will turn out to be progressively friendly. On the other hand, when an individual demonstrations in a way prone to propose that the individual couldn't care less much about the government assistance of the individuals close to the person in question, the connection between the person in question and those individuals endures a mishap. Feelings enable individuals to conquer obstructions in their condition and in this way wind up characterizing the manner in which an individual responds on the background of explicit conditions. This winds up characterizing how an individual identifies with others (Ryff and Singer, 2001). For instance, before sitting an oral meeting, an individual will be overwhelmed with the feeling of nervousness. The individual will at that point be obliged through programmed adjustment to get ready widely to beat their dread. At the point when the opportunity arrives, the individual will have earned adequate certainty and their reaction to questions introduced is probably going to be experienced, clear and expressive. On the off chance that this be the situation, the meeting board is probably going to feel pulled in to the applicant and will in all probability recruit the person in question to fill the opportunity. Another relationship at that point starts and will keep on becoming dependent on the candidate’s proceeded with condition of enthusiastic skill and ability to adjust to new difficulties. Versatile elements of feelings inside connections Emotions give an individual the ability to adaptively react and adapt to specific conditions or circumstances. Each individual is novel in their own specific manner, and these crucial contrasts in character have portrayed the human species since the start (Knobloch and Solomon, 2003). To fashion and to look after connections, individuals need to endure this decent variety, and passionate reactions empower us to do as such. For instance, old buddy, companion or work associate who looks discouraged might be doing combating a certain focusing on issue. In the event that I set aside the effort to energize or brighten them up, I will have reinforced the bond between us. Feelings, through this versatile capacity direct the social association of individuals. By effectively recognizing the feelings others are feeling through their non-verbal communication and outward appearances, an individual might be roused to either move towards them or keep their separation (Oatley, Keltner and Jenkins, 2006). Along these lines, connections are reinforced, framed or harmed somewhat. Through the transformative procedure, individuals from the human species have figured out how to communicate their feelings through craftsmanship, verse and writing to give all the more significance to the feeling of being human, and it is the festival of this shading or zest that empowers individuals to live unconditionally with each other. Oneself approving job of feelings Who individuals truly are is, to a huge degree, got from their feelings (Fiske, Gilbert and Lindzey, 2010). Feelings are constantly legitimate despite the fact that they are not really realities, and they in this manner give an individual the instinct to feel in the case of something might be correct or wrong. The force of feelings communicated decides the likelihood of an individual’s needs being met. For instance, an individual who firmly wants to build up genuine associations with others is bound to have solid and target connections (Oatley, Keltner and Jenkins, 2006). Individuals who decline the force of their feelings are less inclined to be paid attention to, and accordingly their connections are bound to be powerless. Feelings likewise capacity to put a breaking point to connections and the degrees of social cooperation by goodness of their acting naturally approving (Lewis, Haviland-Jones and Barret, 2008). Take a case of an individual who feels uncomfortable with going to a specific get-together because of the inclination that something will turn out badly. By and by, the individual goes to the occasion, and some place down the line, the individual can't help contradicting someone else in participation and chooses to leave. Such an individual will probably build up the propensity to carefully follow their feelings while settling on choices in different parts of regular daily existence, including connections. A case of this situation is the point at which an individual keeps away from framing a relationship with someone else in their social condition in light of the inclination that the individual may not be a pleasant individual, despite the fact that this might be thoroughly off-base (Ryff and Singer, 2001). Conclusio

Tips on How to Train Your Yorkie Puppy

Tips on How to Train Your Yorkie PuppyWhat causes heart problems? The answer depends on the individual.If you will take a look at the dictionary, the word 'hen' comes from the word 'he'd'term's' expression is an example of an elementary term's expression. All the elementary classes in the high school say that all the numbers are in addition.The elementary class is talking about addition, when you ask them what causes heart problems. The answer will be very obvious, because there are a lot of issues that are related to the term 'what causes heart problems'.All the people will know this situation when they see someone having heart attacks or other heart conditions. They will be in a very sad state. So, what causes heart problems?The term 'what causes heart problems' that we mentioned earlier is an elementary class of language. In this school, there are a lot of different types of questions that you would ask and these questions would be based on how you were asked the question. For exa mple, if you were asked if there are a lot of people who are suffering from heart problems, you will give an answer that will relate to what causes heart problems.The next question in a high school essay which is why do some people get heart problems is very important for the essay writer to have an answer to this question. It is the same question.If you will read the facts related to what causes heart problems, you will find that all the people who are having heart attacks are suffering from heart conditions. If you ask them what causes heart problems, the answer would be clear.What Causes Heart Problems Essay - What Causes Heart Problems?<|startoftext|> PARACOUNT 3 SENTCOUNT yorkie puppy ENDPARAMTraining a Yorkie puppy is not difficult if you know the basics. Let's face it, even trained Yorkies still go out and find their own ways to get things done. Here's a list of things that you can do to make training your Yorkie puppy easier.If you're just getting your Yorkie, you'll want to be careful with his food and water, especially during the first few weeks. This is so your Yorkie can learn to stay in one place and not run off and go hunt for his food. Crate training is a very good way to start. You have to remember that Yorkies are very intelligent, and can learn to go outside on their own, as long as you stay close by. Crate training your Yorkie is going to take time. Do not get upset if he doesn't follow through right away. He might not be trained yet, and that's OK.One thing you can do is buy a good collar for your Yorkie. The most important part of the collar is the buckle, but that's something that can be overlooked. It needs to be tight enough to hold your Yorkie securely, yet loose enough to let him move around. A good Yorkie puppy collar looks very similar to a standard choke collar. The biggest difference is that it has a special clasp in the middle to buckle up the collar and make sure it stays on. Make sure that the buckle has a leash loop so your Yorkie can be trained.

Analysis Data Immersion, Data And Data - 1942 Words

1.1 Procedures To analysis the collected qualitative data, the five steps for qualitative data analysis was applied: data immersion, data coding, data reduction, data display, and interpretation (Lui 2014). In the data immersion step, besides reading and rereading the transcription of recording, the observation note and report also been reviewed to familiar with the research topic and context; meanwhile, other general information before the research also been reviewed, such as memos and relative reports. To identify the different issues which are associated within the two interviews, the next step is coding. At the first cycle of data coding, there were 18 codes which are identified by loose coding method. Next, I aggregated these codes into 6 categories. At the end of the data reduction step, I got three themes. After that, to assemble the information and patterns the data would be displayed by matrix method which also easily illustrated the conclusion of this research. Finally, in the interpretation part, the general deep and meaningful understanding would be shown through the data display and analysis. 1.2 Categories Before coding the qualitative data, I have picked up the important and topic relevant context and integrated them into matrix for the further data coding and reduction. For Li’s interview, I took 67 items from the whole content; and for Qi’s interview, I took 37 items because Qi haven’t worked in an Australian hospital, and she only can provide the generalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Demographics and Data Collection Methodology1216 Words   |  5 PagesShrader The following questions pertain to: McMillan, S. C., amp; Small, B. J. (2007). Using the COPE intervention for family caregivers to improve symptoms of hospice homecare patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34(2), 313-21. 1) Describe the data collection methodology. What instruments were used? Within 24-48 hours after hospice admission, the RA HHA interviewed the patients independently to obtain demographic information and administered the HQLI, pain intensity scale, dyspnea intensityRead MoreNurses Experience Of Power From The Perspectives Of Hospital Clinical Nurses1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthe whole study. Data Collection and Analysis Data was collected in an hour of semi-structured interviews about the nurses lived experience of power, which were conducted in a private setting at a place of the participants choosing. As interviews are often the key source of data in a qualitative research, I find this to be appropriate as it allows the participants to respond freely and provide as much information as possible. As consistent with a qualitative research, data collection came toRead MoreQualitative Research Critique2630 Words   |  11 Pagesis essential as the study have to be linked to other research ideas about the topic (Holloway Wheeler, 2002, p. 31). As stated by Polit and Beck (2010, p. 185), a literature review should supply readers with an impartial, systematic summary and analysis of the current state of evidence on the chosen topic. The researchers provided a comprehensive and well-organized review of literature in a logical manner. They started by listing the complications of pregnancy in women wit h pregestational diabetesRead MoreEssay On Athlete Recovery709 Words   |  3 Pagesutilized in sport, and even managing recovery. Two common methods of athlete recovery are cold water immersion and contrast water therapy are analyzed and compared in a systematic review and meta-analysis by Higgins, Greene, and Baker. A systematic review and meta-analysis infers that the authors summarized other published research (empirical data) that met specific criteria and statistical data to formulate their conclusion. While narrative reviews focus on subsets of studies, are more descriptiveRead MoreNaturalistic Approach in Research777 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans of collecting data. It requires the use of emergent strategies to design the study rather than a priori specification, develop data categories from examination of the data thmselves after collection and do not attempt to generalize the findings to a university beyond thet bounded by the study. Characteristics 1. Natural Setting – Studying real world situation in a natural situation, non manipulation and non-controlling 2. Human instrument – Inquirer is a major source of data collection 3. InductiveRead MoreAustim Spectrum Disorder1637 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological experience. There is need to assess broader dimensions of parental mental health particularly of those with a sick child. Using a qualitative approach, some of these methodological challenges may be overcome by this study. Given that no adequate data from Africa exist, this explorative study seeks to find out more about psychological impact of care-giving and any contradictions or similarities with previous studies in other settings. Study Design This exploratory study seeks to investigate theRead MoreImages And Images Of Images1341 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies permit the mix of various data sources. The melded picture can have reciprocal spatial and ghostly determination attributes. Be that as it may, the standard picture combination strategies can misshape the unearthly data of the multispectral information while consolidating. In satellite imaging, two types of images are available. The panchromatic image acquired by satellites is transmitted with the maximum resolution available and the multispectral data are transmitted with coarser resolutionRead MoreThe Parts Of A Community Analysis1443 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Discuss the parts of a community analysis report why each part is important. Defining borders is important for the patrons to understand the community in which the library serves. It’s also important due to knowing the development of the collection which caters to the patrons of the community. The borders can be defined through zip codes, and service areas. (Disher, 2007, p. 10) Understanding the borders of the library allows the staff to understand who they are servicing, and what trends areRead MoreInnovation And Marketing Of Marketing Management Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive summary This report is about the Immersion Week that was carried out in as part of the course requirement for BFSU International Business Students. The duration of Immersion Week is 4 days and it was conducted in Beijing. The companies we visited were . The objective of this report is to focus on the innovation and challenges faced by Beike, iPinyou, and Nutech to provide possible solutions and suggestions to solve the problems. Purpose of study What is innovation? The Importance of InnovationRead MoreA Qualitative Study of the Oglala Lakota Sioux: the Devastating Implication of Substance Abuse2579 Words   |  11 Pagesin order to create positive support for the addicted Native American of our country, particularly the indigenous people of the Great Plains; the Lakota Sioux. This proposed ethnomethodoligical qualitative research is designed to develop supportive data leading to future funding and legislation for alcohol prevention and treatment programs for the Native Americans living in the United States. The hypothesis for this project is that a major contributing factor of the epidemically proportioned alcohol

Essay on Australian Wine - 829 Words

Wine it is a fundamental component of many Australian’s day to day life, being closely related with both business and pleasure. Whether it be a quiet drink on a Friday night to a career in wine manufacturing, wine affects the lives of many daily. Not only does wine affect the individuals of Australia, it forms a lucrative industry, employing 28000 people in both winemaking and grape growing (2006 Census of Australia), with Australia being ranked consistently as one of the top ten wine producers in the world. Wine production is a growing industry, with exports totalling $2.87 billion in 2006-2007 an increase of 4.4 percent over the previous year. Annually, Australia produces 1.4 billion litres of wine (Australian Government, 2010).†¦show more content†¦Fermentation is a process that has two distinct phases, these being; primary and secondary fermentation. Primary fermentation focuses on the addition of yeast to crushed grapes. The yeasts multiply, via asexual repr oduction, enabling the sugars found in grapes; glucose and fructose, to convert into ethanol and carbon dioxide (author unknown, 2005), as seen below: Glucose ïÆ'   Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy C6H12O6 ïÆ'   2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + Energy Figure 2: equation for the fermentation process Author Unknown, 2010 Therefore the greater the amount of sugar added to the grape juice (before fermentation), the greater the alcohol content at the end of the process. The carbon dioxide produced is released into the atmosphere, whereas the ethanol is harnessed into the mixture. After the wine has undergone primary fermentation, secondary fermentation begins. During secondary fermentation, the wine is sealed into an air-tight container, prohibiting the entry of any new sources of oxygen. This stage of fermentation occurs much more slowly and allows the wine to further improve its general flavour and aroma. This allows yeast to concentrate on fermenting over reproducing as oxygen is no longer available. The yeasts will stop fermenting, once the alcohol content of the wine reaches a concentration of fourteen percent. This is because the yeasts can no longer survive inShow MoreRelatedAustralian Wine Industry1768 Words   |  8 Pagesinterest for premium wines. As Australia’s economy continues to boom some industries have taken a major hit over the last decade including Australia’s wine industry even though it continues to produce some of the best wines in the world. The report will look into the history of Australian wine and look at where t hings have gone wrong. The reports key findings will reveal a relatively unknown winery in the town of Orange, called Belgravia that produces some outstanding wines. The results that haveRead MoreAustralian Wine Industry4525 Words   |  19 PagesRim growth. This means a number of opportunities exist for wine industry with the increasing affluence of Asian consumers and the maturation of income and time rich 1950s Baby Boomers generation. In addition, this trend is enforced by a global economy with increasing free trade, international business collaboration, strategic alliances and a global currency. Geographically Australia is well placed to capitalise on the Asian boom and wine meets the Asian demand for Western style products. As forRead MoreThe Australian Wine Industry2715 Words   |  11 Pagesinterest in the Australian Wine Industry goes back four generations. Owner Patrick McGuigan the first of four generations to enter the wine industry was a dairy farmer by trade. Percy McGuigan s career was spent at Penfolds. Prior to retirement in 1968 Percy purchased Dalwood estate and renamed it Wyndham Estate. Two years later he sold it to his son Brian McGuigan. Brian McGuigan has been involved in the wine industry for over thirty five years. He developed Wyndham Estate Wine Company inRead MoreEssay on Industry Analysis Report the Australian Wine Industry1947 Words   |  8 PagesINDUSTRY ANALYSIS REPORT THE AUSTRALIAN WINE INDUSTRY ‘The Boutique Producer’ by 4 students (anonymous) Executive Summary This report provides an overview of the Australian Wine Industry using Porter’s Five Forces industry analysis framework and seeks to provide recommendations based on the impact of the forces for a start up boutique producer. Through the use of Porters framework and the application of economic theory, the report will provide detailed insight into theRead MoreAustralian Wine Case Study738 Words   |  3 PagesTaylor wines is a family owned Australian premium winery that has been the best named winery in San Francisco and in the New York international wine competitions. Since they established they have bagged many critical acclaims including many international awards with the recent 19 gold medals with the 22 wines in San Francisco and their Jaraman Shiraz which hah been named shiraz of the year recently at the New York wine competition. The total awards sum up to about 3800 medals, 47 trophies, 418 goldRead MoreAustralian Wine Industry Report5993 Words   |  24 Pages------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Global and International Business Contexts Australian Wine Industry Report Word court: 2690 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters 1. Introduction 1.1 Company background and brand concept 1.2 Importance of Diversity and cultural different between European Australia 1.3 Develop a model and factors of buying behavior between European Australia 2. Porter’s National Diamond model 2.1 FactorRead MoreWine Strategic Plan Essay3117 Words   |  13 PagesI. Executive summary The quality and reputation of wellington wine have a key role to play in strengthening wellington wine’s brand promise of being a vibrant and welcoming place that celebrates the good things in life. Wellington wines core brand attribute of being Australia’s home of exceptional wine and produce, complements other core brand attributes of un spoilt nature at close proximity, enterprising tradition of creativity and innovation, and a beautiful city and festival spirit. Read MorePestle Analysis: Brazil Wine Industry2157 Words   |  9 PagesANALYSIS MANAGEMENT 100 – ASSESSMENT 1 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide Penfolds Winery all the information needed by the company to expand its business interests into Brazilian wine market. The data will be gathered through extensive research of the Brazilian wine market and an internal analysis of Penfolds winery to discover the what the company has and what it needs to have in order for the Brazilian enterprise to be successful. The recommendation will be based on aRead MoreGlobal Wine War Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant competitors in the increasingly global wine industry for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage were they able to develop? Where were they vulnerable? By the Christian era, wine became part of the liturgical services and monasteries planted vines and built wineries and the European nobility began planting vineyards as a symbol of prestige, competing in quality of wine they serve on their table, i.e. start of premium wine market. French wine producers became the dominant competitor asRead MoreOrigin Of The Wine Equalisation Tax1354 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Wine production is a major industry in Australia that is vital to the nation’s economy. In Australia, wine is subject to two taxes. Wine is subject to the Goods and Services Tax as well as the Wine Equalisation Tax. The Wine Equalisation tax is a values-based tax that is placed on all wine that is consumed in Australia (Wine Equalisation Tax, 2015). It applies to all grape wine and grape wine products that have a minimum alcoholic volume of 1.15% (Wine Equalisation Tax, 2015). Furthermore

Greedy Based Approach for Test Data Compression Using Geometric Shapes free essay sample

As the complexity of systems-on-a-chip continues to increase, the difficulty and cost of testing such chips is increasing rapidly. One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have limited speed, channel bandwidth and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. This project deals with lossless compression of test vectors on the basis of geometric shapes. It consists of two phases: i) Encoding or Compression and ii) Decoding or Decompression. During the compression phase we exploit reordering of test vectors to minimize the number of shapes needed to encode the test data. The test set is partitioned into blocks and then each block is encoded separately. We will write a custom essay sample on Greedy Based Approach for Test Data Compression Using Geometric Shapes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The encoder has the choice of encoding either the 0‘s or the 1‘s in a block. In addition, it encodes a block that contains only 0‘s (or 1‘s) and x‘s with only 3 bits. Furthermore, if the cost of encoding a block using geometric shapes is higher than the original cost of the block, the block is stored as is without encoding. We have created a new greedy based algorithm to find the shapes present in a block in minimal time. This algorithm after analysis seems to be at least 50% more efficient than the algorithm proposed by the author of the original paper which has been implemented in our program. During the decoding phase the data is read from the compressed file and decoded based on the format in which it was encoded. These phases have been implemented using software. The application gives a good compression ratio of nearly 50% under average conditions, is extremely fast and the shape extraction algorithm used provides fast extraction of shapes. To test a certain chip, the entire set of test vectors, for all the cores and components inside the chip, has to be stored in the tester memory. Then, during testing, the test data must be transferred to the chip under test and test responses collected from the chip to the tester. One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have limited speed, channel bandwidth and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. 1. 2 Systems on a chip A system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit(IC) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions—all on a single chip substrate. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems. A typical SoC consists of: †¢ A microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP core(s). Some SoCs nbsp—called multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC)—include more than one processor core. †¢ Memory blocks including a selection of ROM, RAM, EEPROM and flash memory. †¢ Timing sources including oscillators and phase-locked loops. †¢ Peripherals including counter-timers, real-time timers and power-on reset generators. †¢ External interfaces including industry standards such as USB, FireWire, Ethernet, USART, SPI. †¢ Analog interfaces including ADCs and DACs. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 4 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Voltage regulators and power management circuits. These blocks are connected by either a proprietary or industry-standard bus such as the AMBA bus from ARM Holdings. DMA controllers route data directly between external interfaces and memory, bypassing the processor core and thereby increasing the data throughput of the SoC. Figure 1 Department of Computer Scien ce and Engg, TKMCE Page 5 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 1. 3 Data Compression Data compression, source coding orbit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation would use. Compression is useful because it helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources, such as disk space or transmission bandwidth. On the downside, compressed data must be decompressed to be used, and this extra processing may be detrimental to some applications. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed (the option of decompressing the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient, and requires storage space for the decompressed video). The design of data compression schemes therefore involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (if using a lossy compression scheme), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data. Several test data compression techniques were proposed in the literature. These techniques can be classified into two categories; those that require structural information of the circuit and rely on automatic test pattern generation and/or fault simulation and those that are more suitable for intellectual property (IP) cores as they operate solely on the test data. Techniques of the first approach include some of the linear decompression-based schemes and broadcastscan-based schemes. Techniques of the second approach include statistical coding, selective Huffman coding , run-length coding , mixed run-length and Huffman coding , Golomb coding , frequency-directed run-length (FDR) coding , alternating run-length coding using FDR (ALT-FDR), extended frequency-directed run-length (EFDR) coding , MTC coding , variable-input Huffman coding (VIHC) , multilevel Huffman coding , 9-coded compression , Block Merging (BM) compression and dictionary-based coding . Test compression techniques in this class can be further classified as being test independent or test dependent. Test-independent compression techniques have the advantage that the decompression circuitry is independent of the test data. Changing the test set does not require any change to the decompression circuitry. Examples of test-independent compression techniques include Golomb coding, frequency-directed run-length (FDR) coding, alternating run-length coding Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 6 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes using FDR (ALT-FDR) , extended frequency-directed run-length (EFDR) coding , MTC coding , 9- coded compression and Block Merging (BM) compression 1. 4 Automatic Testing Equipment Automatic or Automated Test Equipment (ATE) is any apparatus that performs tests on a device, known as the Device Under Test (DUT), using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. An ATE can be a simple computer controlled digital multimeter, or a complicated system containing dozens of complex test instruments (real or simulated electronic test equipment) capable of automatically testing and diagnosing faults in sophisticated electronic packaged parts or on Wafer testing, including System-OnChips and Integrated circuits. ATE is widely used in the electronic manufacturing industry to test electronic components and systems after being fabricated. ATE is also used to test avionics and the electronic modules in automobiles. It is used in military applications like radar and wireless communication. . 4. 1 ATE in the Semiconductor Industry Semiconductor ATE, named for testing semiconductor devices, can test a wide range of electronic devices and systems, from simple components (resistors, capacitors, and inductors) to integrated circuits (ICs), printed circuit boards (PCBs), and complex, completely assembled electronic systems. ATE systems are designed to reduce th e amount of Figure 1. 2 test time needed to verify that a particular device works or to quickly find its faults before the part has a chance to be used in a final consumer product. To reduce manufacturing costs and improve yield, semiconductor devices should to be tested after being fabricated to prevent even a small number of defective devices ending up with consumer. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 7 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapter 2 2. 1 Problem Definition As the complexity of systems-on-a-chip continues to increase, the difficulty and cost of testing such chips is increasing rapidly. To test a certain chip, the entire set of test vectors, for all the cores and components inside the chip, has to be stored in the tester memory. Then, during testing, the test data must be transferred to the chip under test and test responses collected from the chip to the tester. Our application must be able to compress the test vectors by a significant percentage and it must also be lossless. In addition to these two basic requirements the program must extract the shapes from each block in an optimal manner (here the technique to be used is a greedy approach rather than a brute force one). Moreover the test data must be sorted and partitioned before shape extraction is done. The application must also be able to correctly decompress the encoded data. In order to obtain the shapes covering the bits in as little time as possible, we have created a greedy based algorithm which works in an overall time of O(n4). The original algorithm proposed by the authors of ? Test Data Compression based on Geometric Shapes? [1] on other hand requires one O(n4) operation to identify all possible covers and another O(n4) to find the optimal among them which is a brute force approach. 2. 2 Motivation for Project One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The amount of time required to test a chip depends on the size of test data that has to be transferred from the tester to the chip and the channel capacity. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 8 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes limited speed, channel band-width and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. 2. 3 Problem Analysis The problem can be divided into the following phases 2. 3. 1 Test Set sorting Here sorting is done on the basis of its neighbors. Also to achieve maximum compaction the first vector after sorting must contain maximum number of zeroes. 2. 3. 2 Test Set partitioning Partitioning of test vectors into blocks can be done easily. But in the case of partial blocks which appears if the number of test vectors and size of test vectors are not integral multiples of N(block is of size N*N) we can partition the block as N*N and use a mark array to indicate which bits are not to be processed. . 3. 3 Shape Extraction Here the shapes must be extracted optimally which means we have to use a greedy algorithm. This algorithm was created and works superbly. 2. 3. 4 Decoding This is only a simple matter of finding the code and based on the code of filling up the test vectors. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 9 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapte r 3 3. 1 Encoding Phase 3. 1. 1 Test Set Sorting 3. 1. 1. 1 Description Sorting the vectors in a test set is crucial and has a significant impact on the compression ratio. In this step, we aim at generating clusters of either 0‘s or 1‘s in such a way that it may partially or totally be fitted in one or more of the geometric shapes shown in Table 3. 2. The sorting is with respect to both 0‘s and 1‘s (0/1-sorting). The technique is based on finding the distance D between two vectors A and B that maximizes the clusters of 0‘s and 1‘s. The next vector with the highest distance to the existing vector is selected during the sorting process. The distance D may be computed with respect to 0‘s (0-distance), to 1‘s (1-distance) or to 0‘s and 1‘s (0/1-distance) as follows: here k is the test vector length and W(Ai, Bi) is the weight between bits Ai and Bi. Table 3. 1 specify the weights used in computing the 0/1-distance between two vectors. Note that for i = 0, W(Ai, Bi-1) = 0 and for i = k 1, W(Ai, Bi+1) = 0. Table 3. 1 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 10 Greedy Based Approach to Tes t Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Table 3. 2 3. 1. 1. 2 Algorithm 1. Find the vector with the maximum number of zeroes and interchange with first vector 2. i? 1 3. Compare ith vector with all other vectors from i+1 and calculate the distance based on the equation 4. Exchange the vector with maximum distance with ith vector 5. If ilt;n then i? i+1 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 11 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 2 Test Set Partitioning 3. 1. 2. 1 Description A set of sorted test vectors, M, is represented in a matrix form, R? C, where R is the number of test vectors and C is the length of each test vector. The test set is segmented into L? K blocks each of which is N? N bits, where L is equal to R/N and K is equal to C/N. A segment consists of K blocks. In other words, the test set is segmented into L segments each containing K blocks. For test vectors whose columns and/or rows are not divisible by the predetermined block dimension N, a partial block will be produced at the right end columns and/or the bottom rows of the test data. Since the size of such partial blocks can be deduced based on the number of vectors, the vector length and the block dimension, the number of bits used to encode the coordinates of the geometric shapes can be less than log2N. 3. 1. 2. 2 Algorithm 1. Partition the test vectors into 88 blocks( partial or full) 2. If block is partial then a. Mark the rest of the bit positions as already processed Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 12 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 3 Shape Extraction 3. 1. 3. 1 Description This algorithm was created by our group to obtain the optimal covers of the shapes in as little time as possible. In our algorithm we begin by assuming that all other points before (i,j) has been processed. This means that if any new shape exists in this block it may only begin at a point greater than or equal to (i,j). Now if we are starting from (i,j) we need to check only four points adjacent to it along with (i,j). These positions are shown Figure 3. 1. This is a direct consequence of our initial assumption. Now let us assume that a shape begins from (i,j). Since no other shape has been detected so far, (i,j) is a point. Now the algorithm checks the four adjacent points to see whether the make any other shape when taken in combination with (i,j). Since (i,j) is classified as a point, the next possible shape that can be formed is a line. There are four possiblities for this. This is shown in Figure 3. 2. Figure 3. 1 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 13 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Now if another of the adjacent points is a valid bit and if the current shape s a line,then the next figure that can be formed from 3 points is a triangle. This also has four different possiblities. This is shown by Figure 3. 3. Figure 3. 2 If the current shape is a triangle(type 4) and if another point adjacent to (i,j) is of the bit we are checking for then, the only remaining possiblity is a rectangle. This is shown by Figure 3. 4. Figure 3. 3 In orde r to avoid the possiblity of rechecking bits that have already been processed our algorithm uses a ? mark‘ matrix similar to the block of bits,except that every position other than what has already been included in a shape are marked as zeroes. Those that have been identified as belonging to a shape are marked as ones. We also insert the points that have to be processed by the algorithm in the next stage into a queue for faster processing of the rest of the shape. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 14 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Figure 3. 4 The anomalies that can occur during this approach are: ? There can be other shapes starting from the same point (i,j). Since we are performing a greedy search, the only possiblity that comes under this category are additional lines emanating from (i,j). This can be easily solved by saving the current shape as well as the newly identified line into the list of shapes. Then the algorithm performs all the above mentioned steps, i. e. marking the bits processed and inserting the points to processed later into the queue. ? Another problem related with this simple approach is that the type 1 traingle may recognized as a rectangle and a few lines if its size is greater than one. This can be avoided by computing the length of the side of square that may contain the triangle(if it exists ) and the length of both the diagonals. If the length of a side is the same as that of a diagonal then its indeed a traingle or a square. To distinguish between these we check whether the length of both diagonals are same. If they are not, then the shape is a triangle,otherwise it‘s a rectangle. The reason these anomalies needs to be carefully implemented is that anomaly 2 can increase the computational complexity of our oerall algorithm significantly if its to be solved. Once the shapes have been detected for what they are we process only those positions that may be a continuation of the shape are processed. Also the proceesing of these bits are only done in the direction of interest(for example, in the case of say type 1 line the only possible extension of the shape occurs in the downward direction and hence this is the only direction processed). This means that not all of the four adjacent positions need to be checked during further processing, which in turn reduces complexity. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 15 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Once a shape has been completely detected, which begins from (i,j), we start the processing of the next bit at position (i,j+1) or (i+1,1). This is necessary so as to ensure that we do not miss any shapes during proceesing. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 16 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 3. 2 Algorithm Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 17 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 3. 3 Complexity Analysis As we have seen the algorithm needs 3 loops. Out of this two is used to traverse the entire block. This gives us an outer loop complexity of O(n2). Then the third loop is always executed 4 times in order to check neighboring points. The actual detection of shapes is only a matter of addition of indices to (i,j) and checking to see whether they satisfy any of the conditions of the algorithm. Addition is done in constant time. Now although the detection of the kernel of shapes can be done in a constant time we need to spend some additional time in the case of anomaly 2. As mentioned earlier this can be solved by finding the length of the sides of the square containing it and the length of both the diagonals of the square. Also this must be the square that may contain the whole triangle. This means that in the worst case the lengths may be of size n. This gives us the complexity for this step to be 4O(n). The further processing of shapes that has been detected is done using a queue. The maximum number of times the queue can be executed is O(n2). This because there are at most that many bits in a block. Therefore the overall complexity for shape detection is O(n2) x4x(4O(n) + O(n2))=O(4n3 + n4)=O(n4). Now in average cases the queue will not need to contain the entire block, as the block can be assumed to be comprised of equal parts required and unrequired bits. This means that in the average case, shape extraction process predominates and average case complexity becomes O(n3). This is much better than a brute force approach to shape extraction. Even in the worst case our algorithm performs better as we do not need to perform a covering step to find the most optimal covers for the shapes detected. This would have taken another O(n4) which we avoid by directly using a greedy approach. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 18 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 4 Encoding 3. 1. 4. 1 Description The encoding process will be applied on each block independently. The procedure Extract_Shapes(b) will find the best group of shapes that cover the bits that are equal to b as shown in the algorithm. Encode_Shapes determines the number of bits, a, needed to encode this group of shapes. There are two cases that may occur: a) The block contains either 0‘s and X‘s or 1‘s and X‘s. In this case, the block can be encoded as a rectangle. However, instead of encoding it as a rectangle, it is encoded by the code 01‘‘ (indicating that the block can be filled by either 0‘s or 1‘s) followed by the bit that fills the block. Hence, the number of bits to encode the block a = 3. We call such blocks filled blocks. ) The block needs to be encoded by a number of shapes. We call such a block encoded block. In this case, we need the following: ? 2 bits to indicate the existence of shapes and the type of bit encoded. If the encoded bit is 0, then the code is 10, otherwise it is 11. ? P = 2 ? log 2 N ? 3 Bits to encode the number of shapes, S. If the number of shapes exceeds 2P, then the number of bits needed to encode the shapes is certainly greater than the total number of bits in the block. In this case, the block is not encoded and the original test data is stored. 3. 1. 4. 2 Algorithm 1. While there are shapes to be encoded a. Find shape and type of shape b. Find x,y coordinates of shape c. If shape has a length parameter calculate its value d. Depending on shape and type encode the parameters as per table 2. 2 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 19 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 2 Decoding Phase 3. 2. 1 Description The pseudo-code of the decoding algorithm is given below. It first reads the arguments given by the encoder and computes the parameters needed for the decoding process. These parameters include the number of segments, the number of blocks in a segment and the dimensions of the partial blocks. For each segment, its blocks are decoded one at a time. The first two bits indicate the status of the block as follows: ? ? ? ? 00: the block is not encoded and the following N*N bits are the original test data. 01: fill the whole block with either 0‘s or 1‘s depending on the following bit. 10: There are shapes that are filled with 0‘s. 11: There are shapes that are filled with 1‘s. For those blocks that have shapes, the procedure Decode_Shapes is responsible for decoding those shapes. It reads the number of shapes in the block and then for each shape it reads its type and based on this it reads its parameters and fills it accordingly. Based on the arguments read first, the decoder can determine the number of bits needed for each variable (e. g. the coordinates and the distances). These are used for the partial blocks when only one block of each segment remains and when the last segment is being decoded. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 20 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 2. 2 Algorithm Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 21 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapter 4 4. 1 Language Specification The above project has been implemented in C/C++. This is because C/C++ is a language very well suited for bit level manipulations and provides other features which can be easily implemented using hardware directly. Another consideration that is of paramount importance here is the degree by which C/C++ lends itself to system level programming. The key considerations can be summed up as: ? ? ? ? ? ? Simple Very High Speed Very close to assembly language Can be used to directly implement application using hardware Bit level manipulations are possible Dynamic . 2 Hardware Specification CPU RAM Main Storage Medium Monitor : Pentium II or above : 4 MB : 1 GB HDD : Standard VGA 4. 3 Software Specification Operating System Design Tools : DOS : C/C++ Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 22 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapter 5 5. 1 Application One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The amount of time required to test a chip depends on the size of test data that has to be transferred from the tester to the chip and the channel capacity. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have limited speed, channel band-width and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. To achieve such reduction, several test compaction and lossless compression schemes were proposed in the literature. The objective of test set compaction is to generate the minimum number of test vectors that achieve the desired fault coverage. The advantage of test compaction techniques is that they reduce the number of test vectors that need to be applied to the circuit under test while preserving the fault coverage. This results in reducing the required test application time. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 23 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes CONCLUSION In order to check the effective compression ratio produced by the application several different test sets were taken and the algorithm was applied. The test vectors were sorted to maximize the compression. In this work, test vectors were sorted based on a greedy algorithm. Test vectors sorting based on the 0/1-distance was performed. For 0/1-distance sorting, the test vector with more 0‘s was selected as the first vector. The compression ratio is computed as: In the case of large vectors with only sparsely populated positions the application was found to produce very high compression ratio. In the average cases the compression ratio was nearly 50%.