King Creon from Antigone Is a Tyrant

Amy Lin Mr. Lieu English 1 H 7 December 2012 The Tyrant of Thebes Henry VIII of England was infamous for executing people who contested his views. He was a ruthless ruler and most of his citizens were compliant to him due to consternation. In Antigone, a play written by Sophocles, the actions of King Creon are closely akin to Henry VII of England. King Creon declares a decree that prohibits the burial of his nephew, Polynices, because Polynices had betrayed the city of Thebes and started a rebellion. Creon is enraged when his niece, Antigone, defies his decree and sentences her to death by entombment.Creon is tyrannical, selfish, and stubborn in the ways that he commits double blasphemy by letting Polynices body decompose unburied and cruelly entombing Antigone alive. As a king, Creon is inarguably tyrannical. When he persecutes Antigone, she boldly points out, â€Å"lucky tyrants—the perquisites of power! Ruthless power to do and say whatever pleases them. † She makes it clear that Creon is abusive of his authoritative powers. In addition, Creon refuses to submit to reason. His son, Haemon, shares the perspectives of Thebe’s citizens with him and reminds him that Thebes is â€Å"no city at all, owned by one man alone. Creon dismisses the wise reminders of his son by bluntly declaring, â€Å"the city is the king’s! That’s the law! † When Haemon attempts to use reason and elaborate on the moral reasons as to why Antigone defied Creon’s decree, Creon refuses to accept them simply because of his hubris. In fact, Creon realizes Antigone’s obligations of honoring her brother, yet he cries, â€Å"I’m not about to prove myself as a liar, no not to my people, I’m going to kill her! † Creon is a ruthless tyrant who does not scruple to destroy anyone who gets in the ways of his tyrannical rule and reputation over Thebes.As a father, Creon is undeniably selfish. He does not consider his son†™s feelings or the possibility that his ruthless actions may affect his son’s life. Creon is well aware of the fact that Haemon is in love with Antigone, and yearns to marry her. Yet, he still sends Antigone to a cave and entombs her to death, which is unquestionably a cruel and painful way for her to die. After Creon sends Antigone to death, he assumes that â€Å"there are other fields for [Haemon] to plow. † His selfishness as a father causes Haemon to hate him and attempt to kill him before committing suicide.Creon ignored the plead of Haemon for the bride he yearned for and firmly stated, â€Å"you will never marry her, not while she’s alive†. In a sense, Creon encouraged his son to kill himself because he told him to give up loving Antigone while she is alive. The death of Haemon was only expected. Haemon grew disgusted by his father’s selfish and narcissistic thinking. As well as being selfish, Creon is also stubborn and refuses to show emp athy in his niece’s endeavors. He fails to consider the well-being of anyone other than himself and his reputation as a ruler.Even when he is presented with reason, Creon does not hesitate to withdraw his cruel decision of sentencing his niece, Antigone, to death. When Antigone attempts to explain her obligations of burying Polynices, Creon refuses to alter his cruel sentencing simply because of Antigone’s gender in society. When the citizens of Thebes discuss that Antigone should not die, Creon firmly states, â€Å"better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man—never be rated inferior to a woman. † King Creon does not care about the opinions of his subjects, nor his niece.He only rules to uphold his own opinions that only the opinions of people that conveniently accommodate his pride. Furthermore, he threatens to punish his sentry for bringing unfavorable news to him. Although the sentry did not commit a crime, or act immorally, Creon tells his sentry that he will send him to death. Clearly, Creon does not care about justice, and is content as long as he has someone to blame. King Creon of Thebes is closely akin to the tyrannical King Henry VIII of England in the way of being ruthless tyrants. Both tyrants assigned their subjects to agonizing deaths for holding values differing from their own.Creon was unquestionably immoral to his subjects, son, and his niece. Yet, he was in complete denial of the fact while he still had time to redeem himself. Furthermore, Creon claimed to be religious, yet, he completed double blasphemy by allowing his nephew rot in the city he was once proud of, as well as sending his niece to a slow and excruciating death of entombment. Not only did Creon ruin the reputation that he yearned for, he initiated his own downfall by condemning anyone who he perceived might tarnish his reputation as well as anyone who did not share his views.

Patient Faces With Pre Eclampsia Health And Social Care Essay

On scrutiny her blood force per unit area was elevated at 171/107 mmHg. Her pulse 81 beats per minute, respiratory rate 15 breaths per proceedingss, and temperature was 36.4 & A ; deg ; C. Her piss sample showed ++ 2 albuminuria. There was grounds of hydrops in her face and upper and lower appendages and her lower deep sinew physiological reactions were alert but without any clonus. JB denied any ocular perturbations and epigastric hurting. On palpitation of the venters, the symphysio-fundal tallness was 38cm. The foetal prevarication was longitudinal and the back appeared to be on the right. The presentation appeared to be cephalic and the caput was 3/5 engaged. Electronic fetal monitoring showed foetal bosom rate at 135 beats per minute ( beats per minute ) , with reassuring variableness. There was no slowing and acceleration was normal. It was besides noted no contractions were present. Her prenatal attention had been shared between the infirmary and her general practician and was uneventful until she was admitted to hospital on this juncture. On briefly reexamining JB ‘s past medical history she has seasonal allergic reactions every bit good as long standing asthma in which she uses a salbutamol inhalator to alleviate her symptoms. JB besides has a history of depression. In her household history her male parent suffers from high blood pressure every bit good as cirrhosis and her female parent has a singular medical history of extended medical conditions such as high blood pressure, angina, and transeunt ischaemic accidents. Both her maternal grandparents had a history of type 2 diabetes. With respects to her societal history, JB works as a client helper and lives with her spouse. JB has ne'er smoked, and has non taken intoxicant since happening out she was pregnant. Her past obstetric history is singular for recurrent abortions. She had two abortions at 6-8 hebdomads and one ectopic gestation a twelvemonth and a half ago which miscarried of course at 10 hebdomads. The initial probes showed ; a normal full blood count, liver enzymes and creatinine. However urate ( 0.37 ) and the protein: creatinine ratio ( 44 ) degrees were elevated. JB is showing cardinal central symptoms of pre-eclampsia including high blood pressure, albuminuria, hydrops, and increased physiological reactions. A diagnosing of terrible pre-eclamptic toxemia of pregnancy was made, JB was admitted and intervention was commenced, with 10mg Procardia. With JB being admitted onto the ward, there was uninterrupted monitoring of blood force per unit area and foetal monitoring utilizing CTG. The following forenoon JBs blood force per unit area stabilised to 128/74 and JB reported feeling better. With her BP stalls and a reassuring CTG a determination to bring on bringing was made and she was given 3g prostin over three twenty-four hours ‘s. However there was hapless response and the neck remained stubbornly unchanged and so it was decided the babe would necessitate to be delivered via cesarean delivery.Section B: PathophysiologyPreeclampsia is portion of a spectrum of conditions known as the hypertensive upsets of gestation. It is defined as a multisystem upset characterised by the new oncoming of raised blood force per unit area ( ?140/?90 millimeter Hg ) and albuminuria ( at least 1 + on dipstick or ?0.3 g/24 hours ) after 20 hebdomads of gestation. Although the triping event originating the syndrome is unknown, a two phase th eoretical account of pre-eclampsia has been proposed. The primary phase is symptomless, characterized by failure of placental vascular reconstructing during the first trimester ensuing in decreased placental perfusion taking to placental ischaemia and release of placental merchandises into the maternal circulation. Consequently this initiates the 2nd, diagnostic phase, the maternal syndrome in which endothelial disfunction precedes the clinical manifestations of the disease including characteristic high blood pressure, albuminuria, and glomerular endotheliosis. There is besides hazard for developing the HELLP syndrome ( haemolysis, elevated liver map enzymes and low thrombocytes ) , eclampsia, and other end-organ harm. Phase 1 In normal gestation, following nidation, the surface trophoblast cells of the adhering blastodermic vessicle differentiate into an interior cellular bed, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer syncytiotrophoblast. The uniform cytotrophoblasts found in the interior bed can develop into hormonally active villous syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous grounding trophoblastic cell columns, and invasive intermediate trophoblasts. The extravillous trophoblastic cells proliferate from the tips of grounding chorionic villi to organize the cytotrophoblast shell which line the uterine pit. Cytotrophoblasts continue to migrate through the uterine endometrium until they reach the coiling arterias, by which clip they have differentiated into an endothelial-like cell type. Endovascular trophoblast cells begin to reconstruct the coiling arterias by replacing the endothelium and smooth musculus cells ensuing in the devastation of median elastic, muscular and nervous tissue. These physiological alterations re sult in an increased vas diameter taking to the creative activity of a low-resistance arteriolar system and an absence of maternal vasomotor control, which allows the dramatic addition in blood supply to the turning foetus. In pre-eclampsia this physiological distension does non happen adequately therefore ensuing in placental hypoperfusion and ischaemia. The ischaemic placenta may take to the production of cytokines and growing factors every bit good as simulate placental programmed cell death or mortification, ensuing in release of humoral or particulate stuffs into maternal systemic circulation that promote generalised maternal vascular endothelium disfunction, climaxing in the clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia. The invasion of trophoblast cells is regulated by factors expressed by the decidual barrier. These factors include cell adhesion molecules ( CAMs ) , extracellular matrix ‘s ( ECMs ) , proteases, growing factors and cytokines. Malfunctions in any these factors may take to hapless trophoblast invasion and later preeclampsia. Immunological factors play a chief factor in preeclampsia. Abnormal placentation may be the consequence of maternal immune rejection of paternal antigens expressed by the fetus. Normally HLA-G, a category 1B MHC antigen, expressed by the extravillous trophoblasts protects from natural slayer cell lysis. Womans who develop preeclampsias do non look to show this HLA-G and hence are non protected. Phase 2 The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia can be linked to the pathophysiological alterations that occur including vasoconstriction, activation of curdling cascade and decreased plasma volume. Development of high blood pressure is a primary characteristic of pre-eclampsia. During normal gestation, although through maternal physiological versions there is a 30-50 % addition in cardiac end product, the lessening in peripheral vascular opposition consequences in reduced arterial blood force per unit area. However, adult females who develop preeclampsia experience widespread vasoconstriction, increased peripheral vascular opposition, and decreased cardiac end product. Evidence shows at that place to be an overdone sensitiveness of the vasculature of adult females with pre-eclampsia to all vasopressors endocrines, best known is the increased reactivity to angiotensin II. This addition in vascular responsiveness is thought to be mediated as a consequence of change in the balance of prostaglandins due to the harm to vascular endothelial harm. JB BP when she present was 171/107 mm Hg. This is a well elevated force per unit area. Although unstable keeping and hydrops occurs in patients with pre-eclampsia they are besides a characteristic of normal gestation. Plasma volume additions by 50 % in unsophisticated gestations and normal gravidas sometimes experience hydrops. However in preeclampsia plasma volume is decreased by 15-20 % and in these instances adult females experience rapid weight addition and generalized hydrops as a consequence of an unnatural displacement of extracellular fluid from the vascular to the extravascular compartment hence keeping a low plasma volume and an increased interstitial fluid volume. With inordinate accretion of interstitial ECF, the presence of peripheral hydropss peculiarly in the face and custodies is seen, as in the instance of JB. Besides as a consequence of the lessened plasma volume, comparative hemoconcentration is observed in pre-eclampsia. JB heamoglobulin was 120g/l which is the lower bound of being high. Womans with pre-eclampsia besides have markedly decreased nephritic plasma flow ( RPF ) and glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) . The diminution in RPF is attributed to vasoconstriction, whereas the autumn in GFR is related both to the diminution in RPF every bit good as to the morphological alterations in the kidney. These characteristic pathological alterations of pre-eclampsia are termed glomerular endotheliosis and consist mostly of pronounced puffiness of the glomerular endothelial cells sufficient to obstruct the capillary lms, with some inclusions in the capillary cellar membrane but with practically no alteration in nephritic podocytes. The structural lesion is accompanied by functional alterations in nephritic hemodynamics which correlates best with the magnitude of hyperuricemia and albuminuria. Early to middle gestation serum uric acid normally falls good below 0.24 mmol/l in patients with pre-eclampsia degrees frequently rise & amp ; gt ; 0.27 mmol/l as seen in the instanc e of JB ( 0.37 ) . A figure of surveies have correlated the rise in serum uric acid with the badness of pre-eclampsia and with the extent of glomerular hurt. Left untreated, pre-eclampsia can come on to life endangering paroxysms signifier termed eclampsia. Another peculiarly unsafe signifier of pre-eclampsia is the HELLP syndrome. This discrepancy is characterised by the sudden visual aspect of a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, a quickly falling thrombocyte count, and ample increases in hematoidin and liver enzymes. Emergency break of gestation is needed to avoid hepatic or nephritic failure, sepsis, eclampsia, and decease.ManagementTreatment for high blood pressure in gestation nowadayss a alone series of challenges to the health care squad. An in-depth cognition of the adaptative physiological, psychological and societal procedures is required in order to take the optimum direction for the female parent and her foetus. Incomplete apprehension of the etiology in pre-eclampsia has hindered efforts at bar. However effectual and equal prenatal attention direction of preeclampsia has lead to the reduced mortality related to this upset. This includes early sensing and referral of adult females at high hazard, careful monitoring with bar and intervention of complications, and a determination sing timely bringing. Delivery remains the lone healing intervention for pre-eclampsia although the disease procedure may non decide instantly. After diagnosing, subsequent intervention will depend on the consequences of initial maternal and foetal appraisal. The chief end for direction of pre-eclampsia is finally to protect the safety of the female parent and prevent patterned advance to eclampsia and so the bringing of a healthy neonate. Although bringing is ever appropriate for the female parent, it might non be best for a really premature foetus. The determination between bringing and anticipant direction depends on foetal gestational age, foetal position, and badness of maternal status at clip of appraisal. JB direction was given in conformity to guidelines from Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Based on JB diagnosing at 36.5 hebdomads she was admitted to hospital with the determination to bring on labor and let a vaginal bringing. Observations of critical marks including BP, bosom rate, O impregnations, and respiratory rate were recorded every 15 proceedingss along with uninterrupted CTG monitoring. A 10 milligram dosage of unwritten anti hypertensive Procardia was given to stabilise her blood force per unit area before she could be induced. The exclusive demand to handle is to forestall the haemorrhagic squeal of high blood pressure, in peculiar intellectual bleeding, instead than change the patterned advance of the disease procedure. Antihypertensive drug therapy is recommended for pregnant adult females with systolic blood force per unit areas of ?160 and diastolic blood force per unit areas ? 110 millimeter Hg. The end of intervention is to take down systolic force per unit area to 130-150 mmHg and diastolic force per unit area to 80 to 100 mmHg. It is besides of import that blood force per unit area is lowered bit by bit to forestall hypotension as placental perfusion can be adversely affected and comprom ise the foetus. With a conservative direction program in topographic point and JB was stable, the BP was measured every four hours during the twenty-four hours. Other appraisals required in this instance were full blood count, liver map and nephritic map trials, which were carried out daily. There are many possible picks of antihypertensives that are appropriate in gestation. Methyldopa and Trandate are first line antihypertensive drugs used in intervention of pre-eclampsia. Methyldopa is a centrally moving alpha2 agonist that reduces sympathetic escape activity. Although it has a long path safety record, due to the common drug side effects of depression, in the instance of JB with a history of depression it was agreed an option should be used. The usage of Trandate was besides contraindicated in JB instance as she is wheezing. Labetalol is a non selective beta blocker and a selective alpha blocker. As both of these were contraindicated in JB instance, nifidipine was prescribed alternatively. Nifidipine is a type 2 Ca channel blocker which is normally used as a 2nd line agent in instances where blood force per unit area is defiant to intervention with alpha methyl dopa and beta blockers. It acts by suppressing the inward transportation of Ca ions from extracellular infinite and by the suppression of uptake by smooth musculus cells. Its primary consequence is that of doing relaxation of smooth musculuss. Due to the ability to vasodilate the vasculature with full reversibility on halting the drug has resulted in it going a widely used antihypertensive. Once the BP was stabilized, initiation of labour commenced. It is recommended that adult females in presence of terrible pre-eclampsia at or beyond 34 hebdomads ‘ gestation to be induced to forestall the patterned advance of the disease to eclampsia. Initiation of labour was stimulated via prostin E2, which contains dinoprostone. Its mechanisms of action are similar to the natural cervical maturation procedure. It is administered intravaginally to bring on cervical maturation by straight softening the neck, loosen uping the cervical smooth musculus, and bring forthing uterine contractions. There has been some argument of the usage of dinoprostone in adult females with a history of asthma ; nevertheless PGE2 is a bronchodilator, therefore non contraindicated to utilize, in JB instance. For adult females whom there is a concern about the hazard of eclampsia, it is recommended they receive Mg sulfate as a contraceptive to protect against ictuss, nevertheless in JBs instance it was held off. The MAGPIE survey demonstrates that the hazard of eclampsia is more than halved in these adult females. However, it is besides deserving observing that merely 1-2 % of preeclamptic adult females in the UK had fitted in the absence of anticonvulsant intervention. Specific cautiousness is needed when administering Mg sulfate when nifidipine has antecedently been taken as it increases plasma concentration and hence the authority of the drug. If magnesium sulfate is given, it should be continued at least 24 hours station partum, as the hazard of eclampsia does non decide instantly after bringing. Most adult females with terrible pre-eclampsia will necessitate inpatient attention for 4 yearss or more undermentioned bringing. JB was discharged on.. twenty-four hours after careful reappraisal of her clinical marks. She was continued on her anti hypertensive intervention, and was to be followed as an outpatient. JB was besides offered a formal postnatal reappraisal to discourse the events of the gestation every bit good as prepossession guidance.EpidemiologyPreeclampsia complicates about 2-8 % of gestations and may hold serious effects on the female parent and kid, which makes it of import menace to pubic wellness in both developed and developing states. Worldwide maternal mortality and morbidity from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia remain high, it is estimated to be responsible for about 14 % of maternal deceases per twelvemonth ( 50000- 75000 ) . Pre eclampsia is estimated to account for fifth part of prenatal admittance, two-thirds of referrals to day-care assessment units and one -fourth of obstetric admittances to intensive attention units in the UK. The cost of handling pre-eclampsia varies between & A ; lb ; 500- & A ; lb ; 10000, amount of infirmary stay, initiation costs, and manner of birth, and pre-admission costs. Due to betterments in prenatal attention in the UK, syndrome of eclampsia and development of HELLP syndrome is now rare. Eclampsia is reported in 1 in 200 gestations. Besides perinatal mortality rates are bit by bit bettering, due to progresss in prenatal attention, early sensing, improved anesthesia, early bringing and adept neonatal paediatric attention. Factors that increase the hazard of pre-eclampsia include nullparity, Afro-american cultural background, multiple gestations, fleshiness, chronic high blood pressure, molar gestation, household history of pre-eclampsia and a old history of pre-eclampsia.PsychosocialWomans developing pre-eclampsia are exposed to considerable sum of psychological and societal emphasis. These stress perturbations in bend may hold a important impact on the female parent and babe during the of import early months following bringing. Preeclampsia is a disease which develops without warning hence as JB reported, she found herself holding to cover with the unexpected and dramatic alterations in foetal wellness hazard every bit good as her ain all of a sudden. The diagnosing of pre-eclampsia involves a grade of daze, fright and sometimes even disbelief peculiarly to those sing it good before term. Shock comes from the fact that they were being hospitalised and felt unprepared for bringing. JB was really nervo us after being admitted to hospital as she and her babe were on a regular basis monitored and the realization of the serious effects the disease possess. There was besides a sense of defeat every bit good every bit disempowerment as JB felt she had no control over the state of affairs, and it was no longer merely a personal duty. These experiencing were amplified through the deficiency of sufficient information given on the disease, non wholly informed about her existent state of affairs, and on the medical determinations being made. There was besides an emotional load of experiencing responsible for developing pre-eclampsia and the guilt to the hazards it may hold propelled on her unborn kid. Other psychological emphasiss were demand of bed remainder, ennui and being separated from spouse during hospitalization. For those adult females who are diagnosed good before term, there is a greater hazard of prematureness. These adult females being unprepared for the experience of presenting a premature babe can be a major constituent of daze and fright experienced. When patterned advance of disease leads to complications, an exigency cesarean delivery subdivision which is normally performed can be really traumatic experience and life can all of a sudden be thrown into pandemonium. These adult females normally have less early contact with there babe and are less likely to breast provender as they are retrieving from surgery. For those who unluckily loose their babe, they will be faced with the complex and traumatic events of sorrowing. This sorrowing procedure can be coupled to relationship jobs as spouses normally grieve otherwise. Womans with pre-eclampsia are at increased hazard of developing it with subsequent gestations ; therefore it is of import they are advised of this. The experience of terrible pre-eclampsia may be overpoweringly nerve-racking. There is small clip to set to new worlds. Womans may fault themselves adding the load of guilt to the acute emotional pandemonium that follows diagnosing. Decision In decision, pre-eclampsia remains a planetary job and a clinical challenge. The mortality and morbidity for the female parent and their kid related to preeclampsia, and its complications are a major load,

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Does drug treatment reduce recidivism - Essay Example Victim awareness, monetary penalties, and juvenile supervision interventions are rating poorly on their effectiveness (MacKenzie, 2006). Guts feelings help inform decisions about many things in life and experience helps sharpen gut feelings. The experience of community correctional officials enables them to infer about the effectiveness of certain aspects of correctional programs. Even so, there are elements about correctional programs that gut feelings cannot capture accurately and that need the input of research. Research provides scientific ways of testing the effectiveness and flaws of a correctional program (Craig et. al., 2013). An added advantage with research is that the findings can be replicated to test for their reliability, something that is difficult with gut feelings. Research uses empirical ways of generating knowledge whereas gut feelings use intuition. Overall, both research and gut feelings are important and community correctional officials should combine them in assessing the effectiveness of a program (White et. al., 2008). The inputs of the two should complement each

The Death of Marilyn Munroe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Death of Marilyn Munroe - Research Paper Example The police officer drove to her home and confirmed that she was indeed dead. However, there were many questions about Marilyn’s death, which needed answers, moreover, till to date there are questions that beg to be answered. Different explanations and theories that have been forwarded to explain her death especially accidental, suicide or murder, which can be explored to determine which is the most credible and why despite the fact that an official report on her death was issued (Possible suicide) the story is still subject to a myriad of speculations. Despite the plethora of theories, the official explanation is still the most logical, and despite the many loose ends and mysterious circumstances surrounding it, it best explains the available facts. However, one must take cognizance of the fact that, like the others, it was not a watertight explanation. The most sensational and explored theory was that she was murdered. This is highly characteristic in celebrity deaths, and of ten a cottage industry of conspiracy theories spouts in the wake of one. The reason the murder conspiracy theory generated so much interest was the implicating the two most powerful men in America, President J.F Kennedy and his brother Robert Kennedy. It is alleged from several unverifiable sources that Monroe was having an affair with the president whose amorous nature was â€Å"a well-known secret†. However, due to her irrational behavior and that fact that she had become somewhat obsessed with the idea of becoming first lady, Kennedy decided to cut her loose. Several witnesses, one of them a police officer alleged to have seen Robert near the scene on the death. Is it possible that one or both of them could have been complicit in the death of the actress? It was claimed that security agents might have killed her in order to cover up for the brothers indiscretions, since they are said to have discussed national security issues with her. That question may appear easy to a co nspiracy theorist trying to make the most sensational story, but the lack of evidence and the moral standing of the attorney general make it a decidedly unlikely story. However, there is evidence of a cover up in that there was a lot of missing evidence or evidence that seemed to have been tampered with. The autopsy results also left many questions since and many factors did not add up. Telephone records of the night were confiscated, and despite the official assumption that she swallowed the pills, there was no evidence of water or a glass in her room. There were also allegations that the body had been posed to appear like suicide, however, tampering with evidence is an entirely different thing from murder so one cannot presume that she was killed. The theory of accidental death is more credible than the murder, possibly owing to the fact that there was empirical evidence supporting it. However, due to its non-sensational nature, it has not been as explored as the former. On the pr emises that the death was accidental, there two distinct possibilities, one is that she overdosed herself by accident, or she was taking wrongly prescribed medication. Drs. Greenson and Hymans had been working together to wean her of Nembutal the drug which she is believed to have been one of those responsible for the death. Another consideration was that the doctor, who gave Monroe a heavy dose of Chlorate on the eve of her death, might not have done so if he knew she

Media Influence on Young Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Influence on Young Adults - Research Paper Example Young adulthood is a confusing time in life. On one hand, you are too old to act childishly. On the other hand, you aren’t quire old enough to be taken as seriously as an adult would be. Therefore, many young adults struggle to find a midpoint between the two. This is no simple task. â€Å"Young adults are striving daily to formulate their identity†¦Young adults, perhaps more impressionable than they would like to admit, use the media as a major source of identity formation. The media also represent a common ground that young people share. From the media they acquire a set of guidelines to follow, both moral and stylistic,† (Ornstein). There is a great division between the set of guidelines young people acquire from media, as Ornstein distinguishes. Morally, one can argue that there are many more sources for a young adult to learn from. Many young adults begin to establish their morals by seeding out what they like and dislike from the morals they have been raised with. There is a framework for them to work with. This is not as much the case, however, with stylistic preferences and values. There are millions of media images bombarding us these days. In fact, the definition of media has expanded so much in the last decade that the term media seems to be an umbrella term. With all these images, it is practically impossible not to be influenced. As I said earlier, young adults are especially susceptible to the influence of media. Because they are in such a transitional period in their lives, young adults soak up information from anywhere they can get it. Using this information, they â€Å"try on† different personas, seeking out what works for them. Aesthetically, this holds a number of possibilities almost as large as the number of media influences available to young adults today. With luck, young adults will model themselves after a worthy role model with an admirable image, leading the young adult to develop into a similarly admirable person. As we all know, however, many times this is not the case. There are many media images that are available to young adults w hich glamorize otherwise negative physical traits. There are many ways in which the media images of beauty can negatively affect a young adult. One of the most common instances which this occurs is with body image. Magazines are a typical example of this. According to a study of 104 adults on media use, â€Å"Magazines were read for information on current fashions, recipes, and health issues†¦Reading magazines gave respondents feelings of sexiness, self-esteem, luxury and creativity,† (Survey Asks Young Adults about Media use). One can gather that if young adults are accrediting their self-esteem to reading magazines, that the images in them naturally must be influential. There are a wide variety of images in a magazine targeted toward young adults. Many of these images are advertisements that are geared at selling products to these young adults, many times by young adult celebrities. Couple the controversy surrounding the premature sexualization of young adult celebriti es with the survey results that associate sexiness with , it isn’

Environmental Effects of Pesticides Essay Example for Free

Environmental Effects of Pesticides Essay Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air, water, bottom sediments, and food.[1] Pesticide contaminates land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially, and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae.[2] The amount of pesticide that migrates from the intended application area is influenced by the particular chemicals properties: its propensity for binding to soil, its vapor pressure, its water solubility, and its resistance to being broken down over time. [3] Factors in the soil, such as its texture, its ability to retain water, and the amount of organic matter contained in it, also affect the amount of pesticide that will leave the area.[3] Some pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer.[4] [edit] Air Pesticides can contribute to air pollution . Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them.[5] Pesticides that are applied to crops can volatilize and may be blown by winds into nearby areas, potentially posing a threat to wildlife.[6] Also, droplets of sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the wind to other areas,[7] or pesticides may adhere to particles that blow in the wind, such as dust particles.[8] Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial spraying does.[9] Farmers can employ a buffer zone around their crop, consisting of empty land or non-crop plants such as evergreen trees to serve as windbreaks and absorb the pesticides, preventing drift into other areas.[10] Such windbreaks are legally required in the Netherlands.[10] Pesticides that are sprayed on to fields and used to fumigate soil can give off chemicals called volatile organic compounds, which can react with other chemicals and form a pollutant called tropospheric ozone. Pesticide use accounts for about 6 percent of total tropospheric ozone levels.[11] [edit] Water In the United States, pesticides were found to pollute every stream and over 90% of wells sampled in a study by the US Geological Survey.[12] Pesticide residues have also been found in rain and groundwater.[3] Studies by the UK government showed that pesticide concentrations exceeded those allowable for drinking water in some samples of river water and groundwater.[13] Pesticide impacts on aquatic systems are often studied using a hydrology transport model to study movement and fate of chemicals in rivers and streams. As early as the 1970s quantitative analysis of pesticide runoff was conducted in order to predict amounts of pesticide that would reach surface waters.[14] There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate, or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect.[15] They may also be carried to water by eroding soil.[16] Factors that affect a pesticides ability to contaminate water include its water solubility, the distance from an application site to a body of water, weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the chemical.[17] Maximum limits of allowable concentrations for individual pesticides in public bodies of water are set by the Environmental Protection Agency in the US.[3][17] Similarly, the government of the United Kingdom sets Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), or maximum allowable concentrations of some pesticides in bodies of water above which toxicity may occur.[18] The European Union also regulates maximum concentrations of pesticides in water.[18] [edit] Soil Many of the chemicals used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose impact may endure for decades and adversely affect soil conservation.[19] The use of pesticides decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. Not using the chemicals results in higher soil quality,[verification needed][20] with the additional effect that more organic matter in the soil allows for higher water retention.[3] This helps increase yields for farms in drought years, when organic farms have had yields 20-40% higher than their conventional counterparts.[21] A smaller content of organic matter in the soil increases the amount of pesticide that will leave the area of application, because organic matter binds to and helps break down pesticides.[3] [edit] Effects on biota [edit] Plants Nitrogen fixation, which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by pesticides in soil.[22] The insecticides DDT, methyl parathion, and especially pentachlorophenol have been shown to interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical signaling.[22] Reduction of this symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen fixation and thus reduced crop yields.[22] Root nodule formation in these plants saves the world economy $10 billion in synthetic nitrogen fertilizer every year.[23] Pesticides can kill bees and are strongly implicated in pollinator decline, the loss of species that pollinate plants, including through the mechanism of Colony Collapse Disorder,[24][25][26][27] in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. Application of pesticides to crops that are in bloom can kill honeybees,[5] which act as pollinators. The USDA and USFWS estimate that US farmers lose at least $200 million a year from reduced crop pollination because pesticides applied to fields eliminate about a fifth of honeybee colonies in the US and harm an additional 15%.[1] On the other side, pesticides have some direct harmful effect on plant including poor root hair development, shoot yellowing and reduced plant growth [28]. [edit] Animals Pesticides inflict extremely widespread damage to biota, and many countries have acted to discourage pesticide usage through their Biodiversity Action Plans.[citation needed] Animals may be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food after spraying, for example when wild animals enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying.[9] Widespread application of pesticides can eliminate food sources that certain types of animals need, causing the animals to relocate, change their diet, or starve.[5] Poisoning from pesticides can travel up the food chain; for example, birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have consumed pesticides.[5] Some pesticides can bioaccumulate, or build up to toxic levels in the bodies of organisms that consume them over time, a phenomenon that impacts species high on the food chain especially hard.[5] [edit] Birds Bald eagles are common examples of nontarget organisms that are impacted by pesticide use. Rachel Carsons landmark book Silent Spring dealt with the loss of bird species due to bioaccumulation of pesticides in their tissues. There is evidence that birds are continuing to be harmed by pesticide use. In the farmland of Britain, populations of ten different species of birds have declined by 10 million breeding individuals between 1979 and 1999, a phenomenon thought to have resulted from loss of plant and invertebrate species on which the birds feed.[29] Throughout Europe, 116 species of birds are now threatened.[29] Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with times and areas in which pesticides are used.[29] In another example, some types of fungicides used in peanut farming are only slightly toxic to birds and mammals, but may kill off earthworms, which can in turn reduce populations of the birds and mammals that feed on them.[9] Some pesticides come in granular form, and birds and other wildlife may eat the granules, mistaking them for grains of food.[9] A few granules of a pesticide is enough to kill a small bird.[9] The herbicide paraquat, when sprayed onto bird eggs, causes growth abnormalities in embryos and reduces the number of chicks that hatch successfully, but most herbicides do not directly cause much harm to birds.[9] Herbicides may endanger bird populations by reducing their habitat.[9] [edit] Aquatic life Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water.[30] Pesticide surface runoff into rivers and streams can be highly lethal to aquatic life, sometimes killing all the fish in a particular stream.[31] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can cause fish kills when the dead plants rot and use up the waters oxygen, suffocating the fish.[30] Some herbicides, such as copper sulfite, that are applied to water to kill plants are toxic to fish and other water animals at concentrations similar to those used to kill the plants.[30] Repeated exposure to sublethal doses of some pesticides can cause physiological and behavioral changes in fish that reduce populations, such as abandonment of nests and broods, decreased immunity to disease, and increased failure to avoid predators.[30] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can kill off plants on which fish depend for their habitat.[30] Pesticides can accumulate in bodies of water to levels that kill off zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish.[32] Pesticides can kill off the insects on which some fish feed, causing the fish to travel farther in search of food and exposing them to greater risk from predators.[30] The faster a given pesticide breaks down in the environment, the less threat it poses to aquatic life.[30] Insecticides are more toxic to aquatic life than herbicides and fungicides.[30] [edit] Amphibians See also: Decline in amphibian population In the past several decades, decline in amphibian populations has been occurring all over the world, for unexplained reasons which are thought to be varied but of which pesticides may be a part.[33] Mixtures of multiple pesticides appear to have a cumulative toxic effect on frogs.[34] Tadpoles from ponds with multiple pesticides present in the water take longer to metamorphose into frogs and are smaller when they do, decreasing their ability to catch prey and avoid predators.[34] A Canadian study showed that exposing tadpoles to endosulfan, an organochloride pesticide at levels that are likely to be found in habitats near fields sprayed with the chemical kills the tadpoles and causes behavioral and growth abnormalities.[35] The herbicide atrazine has been shown to turn male frogs into hermaphrodites, decreasing their ability to reproduce.[34] [edit] Humans See also: Pesticide residue Pesticides can enter the human body through inhalation of aerosols, dust and vapor that contain pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming food and water; and through dermal exposure by direct contact of pesticides with skin.[36] Pesticides are sprayed onto food, especially fruits and vegetables, they secrete into soils and groundwater which can end up in drinking water, and pesticide spray can drift and pollute the air. The effects of pesticides on human health are more harmful based on the toxicity of the chemical and the length and magnitude of exposure.[37] Farm workers and their families experience the greatest exposure to agricultural pesticides through direct contact with the chemicals. But every human contains a percentage of pesticides found in fat samples in their body. Children are most susceptible and sensitive to pesticides due to their small size and underdevelopment.[36] The chemicals can bioaccumulate in the body over time. Exposure to pesticides can range from mild skin irritation to birth defects, tumors, genetic changes, blood and nerve disorders, endocrine disruption, and even coma or death.[38] Some pesticides, including aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene, are considered POPs.[39] POPs have the ability to volatilize and travel great distances through the atmosphere to become deposited in remote regions.[39] The chemicals also have the ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, and can bioconcentrate (i.e. become more concentrated) up to 70,000 times their original concentrations.[39] POPs may continue to poison non-target organisms in the environment and increase risk to humans[40] by disruption in the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems; cancer; neurobehavioral disorders,[39] infertility and mutagenic effects, although very little is currently known about these chronic effects. Some POPs have been banned, while others continue to be used. [edit] Pest resistance

Porters Five Forces Analysis In Companies Business Essay

Porters Five Forces Analysis In Companies Business Essay The Environmental analysis can be defined as a study of environment within the organization for the purpose of locating environmental factors that effect on the operations. For the purpose of analysis the business environment we can categorize in to three levels: Internal environment, Operating environment and General environment. This can be shown in figure as below. STEEPLE Analysis By the STEEPLE analysis we can examine that which external factors can be influenced the organizations ability to achieve its vision and mission. FACTOR EVENTS Social Factors The life styles of the peoples is changing due to economic crisis therefore, they change to use energy for sometime People would like to use bio fuel rather than normal fuel due to reduce environmental pollution Technical Factors The International Energy Agency states that alternative energy markets will be underpinned by technological breakthroughs. technology is the key to competitiveness in the alternative energy industry; The government spending for research on bio fuel and other alternatives Environmental Factors BP should highly concern on Environmental Law Responsibility of Oil Spill damage Economic Factors Due to economic crisis there is a declining demand for energy There is a increasing demand for Alternative energy sources Political Factors The global energy market is becoming more unstable because of geopolitical instability. Encouragement of the government towards more sustainable forms of energy due to CO2 emission Legal Factors According to the environmental law, responsible for Payments on oil spill damages Transportation safety Ethical Factors Charitable giving Investment on development programme Table 01. STEEPLE Analysis Source: EU (2004) The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme, EUROPA, http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/emission.htm [Accessed 22nd May 2011]. Porters Five Forces Analysis The Analysis of Porters five forces help to assess where the power of BP lies in Market and also helps to analyze the attractiveness of the industry. In addition to that we assess the current strength and future strength needs to plan in the BPs competitive position as shown: (Source: http://notesdesk.com// porters-five-forces-model.jpg -Accessed on 23rd may 2011) Potential Entrance Strict government policies and requirements High technological focus on alternative energy industry Large initial capital is required Threat of Substitutes Alternative energy due to higher cost Competitive Rivalry High exit barriers High fixed costs High stakes for Shell Renewable and low stakes for BP Solar. Bargaining Power of Buyers Low volume of buyer Low information of buyers High availability of substitutes Bargaining Power of Suppliers Low concentration of alternative energy suppliers (principally just BP Solar and Shell Renewable) Strategic Group Analysis Helps identify who the most direct competitors are and on what basis they compete. We can decide that SHELL is the major competitor in the industry for BP in both geographic coverage and service diversification by analyzing SGA as follows: SWOT analysis for BP Strengths World third largest energy company Strong Brand loyalty Financial strength of the company. It has vertical integration operation system. Weaknesses Increase the petrol price in UK Has to paid criminal charges due to spread huge amount of oil in the Alaska Sea in 2006. Reduce in natural gas and crude oil production. Opportunities Has high investment capacity Research to investigate alternative fuel such as Hydrogen, Solar, Wind and natural gas Increase demand for natural gas in USA and Europe countries. Implement more flexible price polices to face their competitors. Treats Unsound policies related to Environment after oil and toxic spill in 2006. Explosion of refinery tunnels in occasionally Has big rivals such as Shell and Chevron Instability in some oil and gas producing countries and regions Task Two Strategic Options and role of corporate parent Strategic Options is an important facet and it helps to craft companys alternatives and provide safe and keep up the competitive situation. The international requirements for energy for the next 20 years are such that hydrocarbons are still going to have a leading part in meeting that energy demand. BP supports emissions trading mechanisms as a means of putting a value on carbon in order to make appropriate investment decisions. Corporate Mission of the BP BP mentioned that there goal for next few years to realize the latent impending of their advantage base by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of everything they do. They will dynamically drive cost and capital efficiency whilst at the same time maintaining the first main concern of safe and reliable operations. Objectives of the BP BP has some objectives for their growth in 2015. And all employees are working as a team to achieve company goals. Average 1-2% p.a. volume growth to 2015 Underpinned by upward resource base and quality through preference Key sources of growth beyond 2015 will come from: Increasing deepwater Leveraging expertise in gas Managing worlds enormous oilfields Enabled by application of technology Source-: http://www.bp.com/sectionbodycopy.do?categoryId=2contentId=7065607 Values and ethics of the BP BP is a compilation of resources and there people working together. To attain business objects they focus on sustaining and encouraging their leaders and staff. And they maintain recruitment stands and developing people skills at every level. BP is a well distinguish organization and wants to do some different in the world. BP is a performance driven company which is competitively booming. Through all this they prefer high ethical stand. Directions and methods of Strategic Options BPs direction is clear and it is the unrelenting pursuit of competitive leadership in respect of cash costs, capital efficiency and margin quality. The Strategy Clock is another suitable way to analyze a companys destructive position in comparison to the contributions of competitors. The Ansoff Growth matrix tool which is helps businesses to decide their product and market growth strategy. Figure 02.Ansoff Market mix (Source-: http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm) Evaluating strategies at BP SOP Matrix is a tool which can use to identify the company relevant strategies through external environmental factors. As an example BP Opportunities and treats as below and by indentifying the external environmental factors can recognize the relevant strategies options. Has high investment capacity Invest in HR development and through that develop the skills of the staff members. A same time invest in market opportunities. RD to investigate alternative fuel such as Hydrogen, Solar, Wind and natural gas By research can find the best alternative and company can give attention to that. Extension of acquisition of North sea area Can develop deep sea oil well. Increasing demand for natural gas in USA and European countries. Efficient and effective resource allocation to maximize profit. Implement more flexible price polices to face their competitors. By price reducing can get more customers on their products Gas and Oil searching Will help to increase their market values and can demand them among the competitors Threats Strategic Option Unsound policies related to Environment after oil and toxic spill in 2006. Understand the policies and work with less effect to environment Explosion of factory tunnels in occasionally By keeping the brand image without harm can face the problem Has big rivals such as Shell and Chevron To make company as No1. And more promotional works Sold corporate owned stations. Buy the stations Pipeline decomposition Should check the pipeline back and do the needful changers Insecurity in some oil and gas producing countries and regions Should find some more producers in case to use. Task Three SMART Objectives of BP BP Objectives are prepared according to SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timed).That means it should be particular about what we are going to achieve and should calculate about the objectives. There are a several types of objectives like process objectives, outcome objectives, personal objective that all can be done in the SMART format. BPs five year plan objectives are, Increase profitability by 20% Increase production Financial gain by serving to the increasing demand Build brand value that was affected by the oil spills BP spends on growing technology budget on potentially most competitively profitable innovations both in open and new power spaces. It is both a strategic option and an opportunity for BP when comparing with the rivals as BP is strategically positioned themselves in a highly innovative RD processes which is unmatchable by the rivals easily. While facing major challenges of dilapidated supplies and defense of supply in oil and gas, global warming and insist for pure energy in major markets, BPs percentage of expend on novel technologies is growing. Five year development plan for BP Business plan is a statement about companys future goals and plans to achieve those goals. This can be externally focus or internally focus. BPs Strategies in development can position as, Upstream growth Downstream turnaround Alternative Energy: alert disciplined Corporate overview In the upstream will hub on cost and capital efficiency to distribute profitable growth. In the downstream will drive additional efficiencies and a focus on quality and incorporation. They will maintain their disciplined approach to substitute energy and will carry on unlock corporate efficiency through a culture of uninterrupted enhancement. Evaluating and implementing the plan In business strategy, Johnson, Scholes and Whittington shows a model in strategic options are evaluated next to three key success criteria such as Suitability, Feasibility, and Acceptability. Recommendations Strategic investments in RD to exploit new market opportunities and to maximize efficient and effective productions. To negotiate with governments and other low and medium sized firms in the industry through a joint profit sharing process to search for new avenues of the market. Recruit experienced and capable sales, marketing and research experts. Re-build the brand value and affinity using new media opportunities like social media to reduce the black mark occurred as a consequence of oil spills. Streamline production and business operations by using just in time (JIT) and creating a agile end at the supplier end of the operations. Conclusion Strategic planning plays a vital role in strategic management and the leadership. Strategic planning can divide in to three stages as strategic Analysis, Strategic Options and Evaluation and Implementation. The British petroleum Corporation is a well established organization in petroleum industry and here it is illustrated through the strategy and competitive advantages of the BP and the technical tools which they could could use to analyze the situations. The porters five forces investigation helped identifying the competitive environment and market situation BP is facing. There are major rivals like Solar, Sharp, Chevron in the market and BP engaged with mass production. By the SWOT analysis company situation and the market position identified which extracts the internal and external environment of the company. BP is focused on customers and they believe in their mass productions over its rivals. Company can use strategy clock, Ansoff growth matrix tools to analysis their position in the market. To develop strategic options first it should identify the external context and priorities and clusters. Then it should develop the strategic options. SOP matrix is one of the best tools to identify the strategies of the company. BP has a decentralized en route for RD units. It also drives the strategic positioning of BP in competition among rivals. Cost advantage exits when company can give same benefits as competitor with lower cost. And differentiation advantage exits when the company can make different benefits or the value to the customer from their products (Broad differentiation strategy). As an Example BP is using combination of Crude oil and natural energy such as solar power to give differentiation to their customers and it is a well successful strategy. STEEPLE analysis also can be used to investigate the external environment in a business operates and concerned with the political, economic, social factors influential industry change and helps to gain a better understanding for external conditions for growth in a market. The porters five forces investigation helps to diversity a competitive environment. For example, BP analyzes the market for Quality oil production. BP entered into solar market in 1973 and produced BP solar in 2000, it was one of main strategy to face current oil crisis and environment issues. BP solar becomes profitable but it is not prominently spread among the public, so government involvement is important to become popular of solar power. BP business plan has advantage in the Research and investigation area. The crude oil plus the solar power combinations was very successful strategy implemented in recently. Products segmentation, explorations and productions, significantly company restructuring, improve cost efficiency, centralized company departments are their current strategies to compete with rivalry and increase company profits. They entered into oil plus solar power combination and they should strategically positioned the product segmentation, improve cost efficiency and enter into new market opportunities through the findings of RD to increase their profits. They have created value through technology innovation and this is a barrier for their competitors. But the opportunity is yet to be scrutinized with more investments to the RD. By a comprehensive situation analysis company can create strategic options to devise organizations external atmosphere and can exploit the potential.

Macroeconomic Analysis Of South Africa

Macroeconomic Analysis Of South Africa Introduction The financial crisis, in fact, affects the global world since 2008. There is high inflation, increasing unemployment rate, low export, decreasing GDP and so on. In every country as well as in South Africa that also faces the macroeconomic problems, representing by the falling of the output, high inflation, and the microeconomic problems also affect to the economic market. Therefore, the objective of this report is to analyze and focus on the macroeconomic environment and formulate a strategy in responding to the Economic crisis in South Africa. The reason to know and analyze the macroeconomic in a country is, because the microeconomic, institutional changes are unlikely to be implemented if the economy is in a state of macroeconomic chaos-plummeting widespread unemployment and hyperinflation. Macroeconomic stabilization must and can precede the more fundamental microeconomic, institutional transformation. Macroeconomics in terms of business is dealing with the performance, structure and the behavior of national or regional economy as a whole. It is also a study about GDP, unemployment rates, national income, output, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and economic growth. Macroeconomic Background South Africa Located in base of the continent of Africa, South Africa is a diverse nation with an appealing mix of people, culture, faith and languages. Despite the people, South Africas physical state also has its own distinctive features. It has its own unique geological formations that aids in producing the mountains, plains and coasts. South Africa also has large amount of fertile land. Furthermore, a more extraordinary feature about South Africa is that it is home to the rarest species of wildlife and plant life. The nation has a total area of 1, 127 200 square kilometers and it is divided in four provinces, which are the Cape Province, the Transvaal, the Orange Free State and Natal. Being located in a subtropical area, South African generally enjoys warm weather all year round. Naturally, being located in Southern Hemisphere, winter is experienced during June and summer is experienced in December. Demographic South Africa has a population of 49 billion people (2009). It has particular demographic due to the heterogeneity in population base, apartheid, ethnic groups and emigration Table: Population % (Wikipedia, 2010) Basically the black people theyre the ethnic group like Zulu, Xhosa as well as immigrant form the other parts of Africa (mostly from Nigeria and Zimbabwe). The whites theyre the descendants of French, British or German settlers whom arrived to Cape Town from the late of 17th century. Some of them are from immigrants from Europe and Portuguese colonies left over. Coloureds are the descendants of earliest settlers, their slaves and indigenous people. The last part of racial population can be counted as Indian or Asian (Chinese) Table: Age structure % (Wikipedia, 2010) The average total fertility rate from 2001s to 2009s is 2.41 children born per woman. So thats why each family in South Africa usually has more than 2 children In the country they have around 11 official languages, the most spoken language of black people is 30.1% speak Zulu, 22.3% speak Xhosa while most the white residents speak Afrikaans at home (59.1%), 39.3 speak Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Wikipedia, Demographics of South Africa, 2010) Political situation South Africa has multi-party system where the President Jacob Zuma is the head of government and the parliament. The African National Congress is the ruling party in the national legislature, which received 65.9% of the votes during the 2009 general elections and has 74.25% of total seats in the parliament. Democratic Alliance is the second major party that received only 16.66% of the votes and has 11.75% of total seats. All the other parties represent less than 20 %. From this huge gap between the ruling party and the democrats we can see that political situation is stable and will stay like that in near future. (Parliament monitoring group 2009); (Number of Political Party Seats: National Assembly May 2009 | Parliamentary Monitoring Group | Parliament of South Africa monitored) Laws regulations South Africa has progressive legal framework. The legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law. Commerce and labour legislation is well developed while laws relating to competition policy, copyright, patents, trademarks and disputes conform to international norms and conventions. South African commercial laws and company laws are similar to the laws of the United Kingdom. Sanctity of contract is protected under common law, and independent courts ensure respect for commercial rights and obligations. The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitution. South Africas financial systems are sophisticated, robust and well regulated. Banking regulations rank with the best in the world, while the sector has long been rated among the top 10 globally. Foreign banks are well represented and electronic banking facilities are extensive. (South Africa info 2008); (South Africa: open for business SouthAfrica.info) South Africas economy South Africa is one of the most stable economies in the Arican continent. Its a middle-income country, emerging market with rich supply of natural resources. The country has fully developed infrastructure supporting efficient distribution of goods throughout the southern African region ,with well-developed financial, legal, energy, communications, a stock exchange ranked among the top 20 in the world. The primary sector, based on manufacturing, services, mining, and agriculture is well developed. Economic growth was strong from 2004 to 2008 due to macroeconomic stability and a global commodities boom. Because of world financial crisis in the second half of 2008 economy began to slow down. GDP was growing 5.1 % in 2007 and 3.1 % in 2008. In 2009 it fell nearly 2 %. Unemployment is high (24 % in 2009). Daunting economic problems remain like poverty (47 % in 2009 below poverty line), lack of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups. South African economic policies, which are focused on controlling inflation and attaining budget surplus, are efficient. Inflation rate in 2009 was 7.2 %. To welcome the foreign investment in South Africa, the government has made it clearly by investor- friendly policies. Corporate tax is 29%. VAT on hotels and retirement hostels are charged at 8.4%. South Africa has a huge potential as an investment destination, offering the first world developed infrastructure with a vital emerging market economy. It is also one of the most advanced and useful economies in Africa. (CIA World Factbook 2010); (CIA The World Factbook South Africa) Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Monetary policy can be defined as the measures taken by the monetary authorities to influence the quantity of money or the rate of interest with a view to achieving stable prices, full employment and economic growth. The South African Reserve Bank conducts monetary policy in South Africa. (About SA Economy, 2009) Exchange rate: Rand (ZAR) per US dollar in 2009 (8.54), in 2008 (7.95); (About SA Economy, 2009) As we know the macroeconomic discussion focuses on monetary policies in the country. And any decision of the government can affect the business-cycle changes in output, inflation, exchange rate or employment. South Africa emerged out of a recession in Q3 2009. A pick up in capital inflows and support from expansionary monetary and fiscal policy is contributing towards its recovery: (Euromonitors Economic Review of Emerging Market Economies: January 2010) A rebound in the manufacturing sector and increased government spending on the construction of roads, railways and infrastructure for the 2010 World Cup helped stimulate growth. The manufacturing sector, which accounts for 15 % of GDP expanded by 7.6% over the previous quarter in Q3 2009; The South African rand appreciated to R7.48 per US$ in December 2009 from R9.97 per US$ in the same month of 2008, suggesting a gain of 25.0% in 2009. It has been one of the best performing emerging market currencies in 2009 attracting capital inflows due to rising liquidity and commodity prices. Nonetheless, this limits the recovery process as a stronger rand weakens exports. So far, the government has not intervened in the foreign currency markets to help curb the unprecedented rise in the rand; In November 2009, the annual rate of inflation eased for the ninth consecutive month to 5.8%, below the central banks target rate of 3.0-6.0% for 2009. The South African Reserve Bank is likely to keep its key interest rate (repo rate) unchanged at 7.0% in the beginning of 2010, despite calls from labour unions for an interest rate cut. Unemployment problem :Picture 1.png (South Africa Country Profile 2010, December) Year Unemployment rate Rank Percent Change Date of Information 2003 37.00 % 18 2001 est. 2004 31.00 % 24 -16.22 % 2003 est. 2005 26.20 % 161 -15.48 % 2004 est. 2006 26.60 % 168 1.53 % 2005 est. 2007 25.50 % 172 -4.14 % 2006 est. 2008 24.30 % 169 -4.71 % 2007 est. 2009 22.90 % 170 -5.76 % 2008 est. 2010 24.00 % 171 4.80 % 2009 est. (South Africa Country Profile 2010, December) The unemployment rate was 24% (2009 est.) and was highest among 15 to 24 year old, at 48.4 percent, and lowest among 55 to 64 years old, at 6.8 percent. Of South Africas estimated 49.3-million people, around 31-million people are between 15 and 24 years old. Today, the government gives some change for SAs unemployed who dont have education by create the training of unemployed project that aims to minimize the negative effects of the recession. The project trains people as electricians, boiler-markers, welders and mechanics, so when they are trained and easy to get the job and facing with the world with confidence. Inflation C:Documents and Settingshim.STUDENTMy DocumentsDownloadsSouth-Africa-Inflation-Rate-Chart-000002.png Market structure Automotive industry The country is one of the best performing automobile market in the world. In 2006, it brought around R118 billion of increasing to sales. In 2007, vehicle exports were about 170 thousand unit sales which were expected to jump up to 285 thousand in 2008. The vehicle market had a huge development when comparing to year 1997, the unit exported only 20 thousands. The sector is about 10% in account of manufacturing exports, 7.5% of contribution in GDP with the employment of around 36 thousand people. The government aims to increase the vehicle production to 1.2 million units by 2020 because of the definition of the automotive industry is a key growth sector Many of multinational companies such as Ford, Toyota, GMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦use South Africa as source components and assemble vehicles for both the local and overseas markets. From 2000 to 2006, the investment in production and export infrastructure was multiplied by four, which was R1.5-billion to R6.2-billion. An R4-billion in investment was expected in 2008. Most of the investment came from foreign where the parent companies wanted to expend the local operations to improve product capacity, support export and infrastructure (Big Media Publishers, South Africas automotive industry, 2008) 690-1823-0-0_1464872.jpg Table: Automotive revenue (Big Media Publishers, 2008) Mining and mineral resources South Africa is well-known in the world by its wealthy in mineral resources. The wealthy of the country has been built on the countrys vast resources. There are various kinds such as: Platinum, Chrome (which the quality is the 1st in the world), Gold (1st largest producer), Diamond (4th largest producer)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but only crude oil and bauxite is those that the country doesnt have. Mining was an industry that contributed 21% total exports of goods in 2006 Gold was once the keystone of South Africa but it has been diminished in importance due to economys diversity. From 1970s to 1980s, the exports of gold were the predominant source of country foreign exchange earnings which made up a 14% of total value added in economy. In the year of 2007, this shifted to 5.8% contribution to country GDP of mining and quarrying. The mining industry is South African biggest employer. It attracts more than 860 thousand employees of labor force Currently, more than 70% of mining industrys labor force is black. Opposite of that number, its just only less than 5% of managerial positions belongs to black people. The mining sectors key issue is transformation. The target has been set by the government that an expect of 40% managerial positions would be held by South Africans in all mining companies (Big Media Publishers, 2008) 692-1827-2678-0_1452532.jpg Table: Mineral resources (Big Media Publishers, 2008) Agriculture South African agriculture isnt dominated by subsistent farming. In fact, it has both well developed commercial farming which is predominant and more subsistent influenced in deep areas. The country has more than enough output to export massive amounts of agricultural produce. Because of the variousness of climates, there are good conditions (such as mix farming in winter rain fall and in summer rain fall) for growing different crop production in South Africa. The diversity in climate, which is tropical, sub tropical and desert allows diversity in products either. South Africa also has advantages in marine resources which is 3000km of coastline that is appreciated to develop mariculture and aquaculture. The main agriculture export production can be listed as: maize (some southern African countries rely on this import), wine (South Africa is the 5th largest producer worldwide), fruits (grapes, pears, peachesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), livestock farming (sheep, cattleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Agricultural contribution represents less than 4% of GDP but 10% of total reported employment in accounts while farming is 8% of countrys total exports. The key agricultural trading partners of South Africa are America and some countries in EU. They gain the benefit from the market by exporting through number of trade agreements. The agriculture sector is highly protected and evolved to governments control. In 1996, the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act they closed agricultural marketing boards, eliminated subsidies and set the import tariffs to protect South African farming from unfair international competition. So the South African farmers and agribusiness could be placed themselves as players in a globally competitive environment. Nowadays there are still some factors that even though the government has tried to implement, these couldnt bring any efforts to the rest of the economy. For examples: most of indigenous people are subsistence farmers, subsidies from other developed countries, climate changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are reducing sector growth (Big Media Publishers, South African agriculture, 2008) (Wikipedia, 2010) Infrastructure Energy infrastructure Among the countries that have the lowest cost of electricity, however South Africa has to face its problem of the demand for power outstripping supply. The economy grows strongly, a lot of rapid industrialization development, the electrification programme is being mass led and distinct lack of investment are all the issues which cause the power supply crisis in South Africa. As a result, the state energy company Eskom and the government has come up with a projected ZAR 343 billions over five years to fund new power stations for energy increasing such as nuclear and electricity storage. Eskom also aims to reduce the demand of electricity by 3 000 megawatts in 2012 and 5 000 megawatts more in 2025 Table: Energy Overview (Big Media Publishers, 2008) There are some thought about using natural energy as wind or solar. Despite South African sunny weather, the ideas havent really taken off and there are some concerns that the country somehow isnt appreciated with the wind energy. Energy contributes an amount of 15% country GDP. The country is 11st country in the world that has highest commercial primary energy intensities due to its large scale economy structure, mining industries and some benefit based on minerals activities which push the usage of energy above average (Big Media Publishers, South Africas energy supply, 2008) Source: EIA Transportation The transport network has been identified and highlighted as a competitive advantage in global market. The road system in South Africa has a total of 754 thousand km in which 9.6 thousand km is national road. 2.4 thousand km are toll roads. However the road infrastructure needs to be constructed due to overloading of heavy vehicles and volumes increasing of road freight vehicles. It has approximately 95% of country trading business are done by passing through the sea as well as the traffic from others countries like Europe, Asia, America and even Africa itself. The railway system is also one of the main transportation which is 10th longest in the world. It connects all the parts in the country together so it can be used for transporting goods or even tourism. The airline industry carries about 33 million passengers a year. There are a lot of airports such as Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban which are the 3 main international airport and the others at South Africa (ArriveAlive, 2010) ( Publishers, 2008) Technology sector Technology sector is well developed with modern manufacturing sectors like machinery, scientific equipment and motor vehicles. South Africa has strong technological research centers. South Africa has developed a number of leading technologies, principally in the fields of energy and fuels, steel production, mining, and telecommunications. There is all necessary technology for hospitality industry. (South Africa info 2008) Tourism in South Africa South Africas major attractions for tourists are mainly involved with nature. They are the large variety of game parks, nature parks and a magnificent scenic diversity of landscape varying from desert plains blooming with spring flowers to mountains overlooking vineyards, valleys and large farmlands, tribal communities and modern cities. The countrys coastline, which represents many names to our world today, such as; Africas southern most coastline and the base of the large continent, is 3000km long. This 3000km long coastline is nothing but serene sandy beaches with charismatic seaside resorts scattered along. Some of these locations are famous beaches and surfing areas. For animal lovers, there are other attractions that are available. For example, in Pretoria there are various botanical gardens, bird sanctuaries, aquariums and zoo. The National Zoological Gardens in Pretoria is ranked to be the top ten zoos in the world. Some examples of daytime activities are coach tours, ocean cruises, museums, art galleries and a wide range of sports. Other famous attractions in South Africa are the wines produced. South African wines are categorized under New World Wines. These wines are famous all over the world. South Africa is the worlds most known hunting destination. It offers hunting at large land areas that are protecte d under legislative laws and hunters can find many rare species. Hunting seasons are usually between May to July. And the Professional Hunters Other outdoors activities for tourists that are famous in South Africa are canoeing, river rafting, safaris, wilderness trails and rambling. Hiking as well has a rising popularity as the National Hiking Way has been developed and improved. All activities mentioned are easily accessible by the generally good infrastructure in South Africa. Overall, most tourist attractions in South Africa are not for the faint hearted and for nature lovers. According to some reports, international travel to South Africa has increased, in 1994 the year South Africas first democratic elections, only 3.9 million foreign tourists to the country. By 2004, the international visitors have more than doubled to 6.7 million. And in 2007 the total number of 9.07 million foreigners visited South Africa- 8.3% increase compared to 2006- as the country broke its annual tourist arrivals record for the third year running. In South Africa, nowadays, Cape Town has become an important retail and tourism centre, and attracts the largest number of foreign visitors come here for their holidays. (South Africas tourism industry SouthAfrica.info) International tourist arrivals (in millions) nternational tourist arrivals in South Africa (Source: Department of Tourism); (South Africas tourism industry SouthAfrica.info) Tourism is also one of the fastest growing sectors of economy in South Africa, and it contributed to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of country increasing from 4.6% in 1993 to 8.3% in 2006. Tax system Untitled.png Table: Paying taxes (IFC, 2010) SWOT analysis Strength South Africa has a world class infrastructure as their competitive input, like 3 deep water ports, 3 international airports, a network of roads and high ways, well developed cold chain facilities and a sophisticated financial sector. These infrastructures are even comparable to first world developed countries and its cost is favourable (the cost of electricity is still remain inexpensive and competitive in labour rates as well) (Big Media Publishers, South African agriculture, 2008) The free trade agreement and high technology, high infrastructure offering are the key values for international investment from America and European Union The strength includes the mineral resources as well as South Africa is considered as a major mining country. Its the world largest producer and exporter of gold and platinum. They also have a high level of technology (such as a ground-breaking process that converts low-grade superfine iron ore into high-quality iron units) and production expertise (the raw materials such as iron, carbon steelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦were added more values before exporting) which make mining industry is one of the key sectors of the country Weakness South Africa has a high ratio of unemployment which is from 30% 40%. The education of the labour force is still very low, especially black people. A result showed us that just 22% of Black Africans have completed high school. When we do comparison, it has difference amount of 70.7% of Whites have completed high school More than 5.7 million South Africans are infected with HIV in which 350 thousand have already died of Aids with millions of South Africans have been victims of violent crime Opportunities The FIFA World Cup 2010 will be held at South Africa this summer so this will be not only the opportunities for the South Africa itself to increase their international images and reputations. Its a good change to advertise and promote the values of the country so itll attract more investment and partnership from foreign and internal either. For the FIFA World Cup 2010, South Africa has a plan to include a Bus Rapid Transit system which will promote the use of public transportation between host cities as Cape Town, Durban with other cities. They also received an amount of R9 billion investments and an incentive from FIFA to improve the infrastructure in the nine host cities due to the expected massive visitors. It means a lot of upgrades to countrys airports and general transportation including taxi system, passenger trail and bus (Osec, 2010) Threat Because South Africa is an export led economy, its very easy to be influenced by global demand. The depreciation in price of commodities which go deeper to very low levels could be resulted to job losses The power supply crisis leads to needs of diversity in energy mix including natural gas, nuclear power and various forms of renewable energy as well. The indigenous source of energy is coal which use to produce electricity and its one of the causes of greenhouse gases. The activity to increase electricity by using coal can pollute the environment and it requires the government have to have plans to prevent global warming The roads system needs to be constructed because of massive traffic and transportation. An official report said that it would be cost around R65 billion for urgent repair. Otherwise the cost for a year due to overloading will be surpassed R650 million in destruction to roads (Osec, 2010) Future development When South Africa decides to invest into other countries of Africa, they are helping to diversify African economies and reduce the dependent on primary sector industries. South Africa doesnt focus only on oil and gas, but they concentrate about telecommunicating, banking service, mining also. They enter the African market, but creating them as well by building infrastructure, transferring technology and knowledge, encouraging the foreign country to enforce laws and strengthen democratic institutions. For examples: South Africa exported to the rest of Africa a R43 billion worthy, most of involved import related to oil from Nigeria which was R5 billion. That number show an imbalance in South African goods and services with African consumers. The countrys companies also try to integrate themselves with the local economies by hiring local staff or buying materials from local procedures. In return, South Africa received the favour by investment from the other African countries which is go od for South African own domestic economy. Thats why South African engine is very important for economic development across the African continent (Leon, 2004) In 2009, the government spent a total amount of R787 billion on public infrastructures over the next 3 years which would push the countrys budget deficit to 3.8% of GDP in 2009. They explained that it was necessary to borrow the funds to finance planned public infrastructure projects due to the decreased demand for South African commodities and lower output. In the R787 billion: R390 billion would be spent on state owned enterprises R25 billion for Rail Computer Corporation R12 billion for the Bus Rapid Transit system R1.6 billion South African Airways Conclusion After we analyzed the economy of South Africa and predict the future of the country, we realize that South Africa has potential to invest money in this country which can create profit for us as entrepreneurs as well as for the countrys economy. South Africa has many strong sectors but we decide to invest our money in health care sector which is currently not strong in this country. We believe this is the right decision which will bring to us return on investment and profit for the future.

Im Not Scared by Niccolò Ammaniti Essay -- Gabriele Salvatores Film

Niccolà ² Ammaniti's novel and Gabriele Salvatores' homonymous film "I'm Not Scared" have had their share of popularity in North America if not by gaining a conspicuous readership/spectatorship by travelling into the publicity-wagon of international distributors.1 The formula adopted by both writer and filmmaker appealed to investors as a marketable recipe and yet it failed to magnetize the scattered reader/viewer beyond a short flight-of-entertainment.2 The elements at play in the novel and film are quite remarkable for their traditionally universal appeal.3 The fates of two adolescents, one jailed the other unwilling jailer, intersect and are soon bound together in a struggle for survival at the hands of unsuspecting enemies. The filmmaker's aim was to adopt a child's unadulterated point of view in referential opposition to the surrounding adult world. Given the suspenseful plot and the exploration of the young protagonists' fears at coping with a habitat they must disavow, such an aim and narrative scheme were expected to gather much attention.4 The pre-teens Michele, the novel's principal hero, and Filippo the kidnapped child are ultimately elevated from a pit of dirt and fear, the antechamber of death, chiefly by their own heroic praxis. Yet the problematic lack of any meaningful degree of depth in the novel and film seems to lie precisely with its overly schematic construction, tailored to safely weather the otherwise unpredict able market. The proscription from any domain of memorable works may be due to a major problem both in the novel and film: the ambiguous point of view adopted. The novel is geared for a transposition to the screen. It is no coincidence that the film was scripted by Niccolà ² Ammaniti, who adapted ... ...Little Boy, Don't Look Down". 6 In the novel it is told that the story of Lazarus is learned at school from the schoolteacher, Signorina Destani, p. 83. 7 In fact the entire novel is set in the first person with Michele's voice assuming the narration in the initial race held with his neighboring peers. The incipit reads: "I was just about to overtake Salvatore when I heard my sister scream." 8 207. 9 Compare pages 155-157, 201-203 of the book with the same scenes in the film. 10 The effects of a filmic memory on the written word have been reason for study/confession of contemporary novelists. See Cohen, Keith, ed. Writing in a Film Age: Essays by Contemporary Novelists. 11 See Paul Ginsborg's A History of Contemporary Italy, 383-405. 12 In the film the date 1978 appears superimposed in the opening sequence. 13 Quoted by Frank Bruni.